NODE / 0688reconstructedProto-Indo-European

*per-

TRANSLITERATION *per-

forward, through, before, toward

DATE: Proto-Indo-European horizon
SENSE: preposition base
FAMILY: Indo-European
CANONICAL KEY: node:6:per:reconstructed:sense:preposition-base

American Heritage treats per-1 as a wide base of prepositions and preverbs and derives Latin pro- from its extended form.

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.

No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 1 evidence path stops at this boundary.

INSPECT 1 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIM

GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary

Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *per- base · per1 component boundary

UNKNOWN

No deeper preposition base is promoted.

SOUND: No older form is promoted beyond *per-.
MEANING: The component trail ends at the reviewed comparative base.
SCHOLAR: SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE: boundary — The wide preposition base is not forced into a single verbal root.

Indo-European Base per-1supportsper-1 entry endpoint

Defines the reviewed component horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 667 ↗

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished

Latin · Latin antiquity · forward prefix

prō-

before, forward, for

SOUND: Latin pro- continues an extended *pro- form of the per-1 preposition base.
MEANING: Before, forward, and for belong to the wider forward and through field.
SCHOLAR: Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE: established

Indo-European Base per-1supportsper-1, extended pro- and Latin pro- section

Publishes Latin pro- under the wider reconstructed base.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 666 ↗

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES: 5
REVIEWED EDGES: 5
DEEPEST PATH: 5
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED: 1

proverb4 connected nodes

HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE

STEP 01inheritanceestablished

Proto-Indo-European*per-→Latin · Latin antiquityprō-before, forward, for

SOUND: Latin pro- continues an extended *pro- form of the per-1 preposition base.
MEANING: Before, forward, and for belong to the wider forward and through field.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 666 ↗

Indo-European Base per-1 · per-1, extended pro- and Latin pro- section ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE

STEP 02compound componentestablished

Latinprō-→Latin · Latin antiquityproverbiumproverb, traditional saying

SOUND: Latin pro- remains visible at the left edge of proverbium.
MEANING: The prefix marks the saying compound without being flattened into one speculative English gloss.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 665 ↗

Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: pro- + verbum ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE

STEP 03borrowingestablished

Latinproverbium→Anglo-French · Anglo-French before 1400proverbeproverb, maxim

SOUND: Anglo-French proverbe continues Latin proverbium with Romance loss of the final syllable.
MEANING: The Latin saying term becomes the French and English noun.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 652 ↗

Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Anglo-French from Latin proverbium ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE

STEP 04borrowingestablished

Anglo-Frenchproverbe→Middle English · Middle English, 14th centuryproverbeproverb, maxim

SOUND: Middle English proverbe borrows Anglo-French proverbe.
MEANING: The traditional maxim enters English through French.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 651 ↗

Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English proverbe from Anglo-French ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE

STEP 05continuationestablished

Middle Englishproverbe→Present-Day English · 14th century–todayproverba brief traditional saying, maxim, or adage

SOUND: English proverb regularizes the Middle English final vowel while preserving the learned stem.
MEANING: The traditional-saying sense continues.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 650 ↗

Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

EDITORIAL REUSE