GO DEEPERinheritanceprobable
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction · enemy lexicalized participle*fi(j)and-
lexicalized enemy formation from the hate verb’s present participle
- SOUND
- Old Danish fiende continues the North Germanic reflex of the inherited fi(j)- plus nd agent formation, with branch-specific vowel, glide, ending, and inflectional developments.
- MEANING
- The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation is inherited as an ordinary enemy noun; the Devil and broader figurative branches belong to attested Danish semantic history.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the Old Danish 1100–1300 known-since range.
- SCHOLAR
- Den Danske Ordbogs redaktion · ODS editorial team · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen
- CONFIDENCE
- probable — Old Danish fiende and the cross-Germanic derivation are published. The exact prehistoric phonetics and every semantic innovation remain reconstructed or textually bounded.
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — *fi(j)ēn- and *fi(j)and-supportsp. 140, *fi(j)and- and North Germanic descendants
Publishes the reconstructed parent formation.
ORIGINAL ↗On the syntax of the Agent nouns in Gothic: the case of nd-formationscontextpp. 47–49, pre-branch lexicalization
Places lexicalization before the daughter-language records.
ORIGINAL ↗Den Danske Ordbog — fjendesupportsOrigin: Old Norse fjándi, German Feind, present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá
Publishes the inherited comparative and participial analysis.
ORIGINAL ↗Ordbog over det danske Sprog — FjendecontextEtymological parenthesis: Old Danish fiende, Old Norse fjándi, Gothic fijands
Independently preserves the older Danish and cross-Germanic set.
ORIGINAL ↗Gammeldansk Ordbog — fiendesupportsHeadword fiende; known since 1100–1300
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1212 ↗Supplies the Old Danish form and bounded chronology.
ORIGINAL ↗