The English source dictionary · partial corpus coverage

English word origins · page 102

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Page 102 of 180

cous

Clipping of cousin.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

From Middle English couth (“familiar, known; evident, true; famous, respected, well-known; genteel, having good manners”), from Old English cūþ (“familiar, intimate, known, usual; certain, plain, manifest; famous, noted,

2 source sections · 16 relationship mentions

cove

From Middle English cove, from Old English cofa (“chamber; den”), from Proto-West Germanic *kobō, from Proto-Germanic *kubô. Cognate with Dutch koof (“cove”), German Low German Koov (“small room”), German Koben (“nook, s

3 source sections · 15 relationship mentions

coven

From Middle English covent, from Anglo-Norman covent, cuvent, from Old French covent, from Latin conventum, from conveniō, from cum (“with”) and venio (“to come”). Doublet of convent.

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

cover

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱe? Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm Proto-Italic *kom Proto-Italic *kom- Latin con- Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der. Proto-Indo-European *h₁épsder. Proto-Indo-European *h₁épi Proto-Indo-Europea

3 source sections · 42 relationship mentions

covet

From Middle English coveten, coveiten, coveyten, from Old French covoitier (modern French convoiter), from covoitié (“desire”), presumably modified from Latin cupiditas.

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

covey

The noun is derived from Middle English covei, covey (“brood of partridges, covey; volley of shot; kind of gun”) [and other forms], from Old French covée (“brood (of chickens), clutch”) (modern French couvée), a noun use

2 source sections · 8 relationship mentions

covid

From COVID-19.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

covie

See covey.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

covil

Borrowed from Tamil கோவில் (kōvil, literally “god-house”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

covin

From Old French covin, from Latin convena (“a meeting, a coming together”), from conveniō.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

cow

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws Proto-Germanic *kōz Proto-West Germanic *kō Old English cū Middle English cow English cow Inherited from Middle English cow, cou, from Old English cū (“cow”), from Proto-West Ger

3 source sections · 28 relationship mentions

cowan

First attested in 1598.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cowed

* Probable origins are Scandinavian, cf. Danish kue, to subdue.

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cower

From Middle English couren, cowre, from Middle Low German kûren (“to lie in wait; linger”) or from North Germanic (Icelandic kúra (“to doze”)); according to Pokorny, all are ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to

1 source section · 9 relationship mentions

cowha

Borrowed from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cowl

From Middle English coule, from Old English cūle, from earlier cugele (“hood, cowl”), from Ecclesiastical Latin cuculla (“monk's cowl”), from Latin cucullus (“hood”), of uncertain origin. Doublet of cagoule.

4 source sections · 8 relationship mentions

cowle

Arabic [Term?] (literally “word, promise, agreement”)

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cowy

From cow + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cox

Clipping of coxswain.

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cox-

From Latin coxa (“hip”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

coxa

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *koḱs- Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Proto-Indo-European *kóḱseh₂ Proto-Italic *koksā Latin coxalbor. English coxa Learned borrowing from Latin coxa, from Proto-Ita

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

coxal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin or Late Latin coxalis, from Latin coxa. By surface analysis, cox- + -al.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

coxie

From cox + -ie.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

coxo-

Ultimately from Latin coxa (“hip”). By surface analysis, cox- + -o-.

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coxy

Phonetic respelling of a clipping of coccidiosis.

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coy

From Middle English coy, from Old French coi, earlier quei (“quiet, still”), from Latin qu(i)ētus (“resting, at rest”). Doublet of quit, quiet, quite, and quietus.

3 source sections · 8 relationship mentions

coyly

Etymology tree English coy Proto-Indo-European *leyg-der. Proto-Germanic *līkąder. Proto-Germanic *-līkaz Proto-Germanic *-ê Proto-Germanic *-līkê Proto-West Germanic *-līkē Old English -līċe Middle English -ly English -

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

coypu

From Spanish coipú, from Mapudungun koypu.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

cozen

From coz(y) + -en.

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

crab

From Middle English crabbe, from Old English crabba (“crab; crayfish; cancer”), from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô, from *krabbōną (“to scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *grobʰeh₂yéti (“to sc

4 source sections · 12 relationship mentions

crack

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- Proto-Indo-European *gerg-der. Proto-West Germanic *krakōn Old English cracian Middle English crakken English crack From Middle English crakken, craken, from Old English cracian

4 source sections · 24 relationship mentions

craft

Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *krafjaną Proto-Indo-European *-tus Proto-Germanic *-þuz Proto-Germanic *kraftuz Proto-West Germanic *kraftu Old English cræft Middle English craft English craft Inherited from Middle Englis

1 source section · 7 relationship mentions

crag

From 13th century Middle English crag, from Middle Irish crec, a contracted form of Middle Irish carrac (compare Irish creig, Scottish Gaelic creag), possibly ultimately from the late Proto-Indo-European/substrate *kar (

2 source sections · 8 relationship mentions

craic

Variant of crack, respelled after Irish craic (itself a borrowing from English).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

craig

Variant of crag.

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crake

From Middle English crak, crake, from Old Norse kráka (“crow”), from Proto-Germanic *krak-, *kra- (“to croak, caw”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-, itself onomatopoeic.

2 source sections · 13 relationship mentions

cram

From Middle English crammen, from Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krammōn, from Proto-Germanic *krammōną, a secondary verb derived from *krimmaną (“to stuff”), from Proto-Indo-European

1 source section · 7 relationship mentions

crame

From Scots crame, craim, from Middle Dutch kraeme or Middle Low German krame; both from Old High German krām (“merchant tent; tent cloth”), probably ultimately borrowed from Slavic, such as Old Church Slavonic грамъ (gra

2 source sections · 11 relationship mentions

cramp

Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *krampôder. Frankish *krampōder. Proto-Germanic *krampôder. Middle Dutch crampeder. Old French crampebor. Middle English crampe English cramp From Middle English crampe, from Old French cram

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

cran

Evidently from, or at least influenced by Goidelic; compare Scottish Gaelic crann (“lot, measure of herring, tree, etc.”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

crane

From Middle English crane, from Old English cran (“crane”), from Proto-West Germanic *kran, *kranō, from Proto-Germanic *kranô (“crane”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”). Cognate with Scots cran (“cr

3 source sections · 18 relationship mentions

crank

From Dutch or Low German krank, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *krank, from Proto-Germanic *krangaz, *krankaz (“bent; weak”). Cognate with Scots crank, krank, German krank (“sick”).

2 source sections · 7 relationship mentions

crano

Perhaps a truncation of cranium, mockingly or tragically implying someone whose head is constantly overloaded with thoughts of other people's problems. Popularized in online mental health and support subcultures.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

crap

Etymology tree Old Dutch krappender. Old French crappe Middle French crapebor. Middle English crappe English crap From Middle English crappe, also in plural: crappys, craps (“chaff; buckwheat”), from Middle French crape,

2 source sections · 6 relationship mentions

crape

Alteration of French crepe, from Middle French crespe (“curly”), from Latin crispus. Doublet of crisp and crepe.

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

craps

From Louisiana Creole craps, a corruption of English crabs.

3 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

crapy

Etymology tree English crape Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English crapy From crape + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

crare

From Old French craier, creer, croyer (“ship of war”), Late Latin craiera, perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic (compare German Krieger (“warrior”), or Dutch krijger).

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

crash

From Middle English crasshen, crasschen, craschen (“to break into pieces”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a variant of earlier *crasken, from crasen (“to break”) + -k (formative suffix); or from earlier *craskien, *c

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

crass

From Middle English cras, craas, from Old French cras, from Latin crassus (“dense, thick, gross, fat, heavy”). Doublet of grease.

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

crate

From Dutch krat (“crate, large box, basket”), from Middle Dutch cratte (“basketware, mold”), from Old Dutch *kratta, *kratto (“basket”), from Proto-Germanic *kratjô, *krattijô (“basket”), from Proto-Indo-European *gretH-

1 source section · 13 relationship mentions

crave

From Middle English craven, from Old English crafian (“to crave, ask, implore, demand, summon”), from Proto-West Germanic *krafōn, from Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”). Cognate with Danish kræve (“to demand, requi

1 source section · 8 relationship mentions

craw

Late Middle English, also attested as craue, from or related to Old Norse *kravi (“neck, collar, gullet, crop of a bird”), of unclear origin (potentially cognate to crop), but historically a variation of kragi, the Norse

1 source section · 17 relationship mentions

crawl

From Middle English crawlen, crewlen, creulen, crallen, *cravelen, from Old Norse krafla (compare Danish kravle (“to crawl, creep”), Swedish kravla, kräla (“to creep, crawl”)), from Proto-Germanic *krablōną (compare Sate

3 source sections · 26 relationship mentions

cray

Clipping of crayfish.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

craye

From French craie (apparently unrelated to craie (“chalk”)).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

craze

From Middle English crasen (“to crush, break, break to pieces, shatter, craze”), from Old Norse *krasa (“to shatter”), ultimately imitative. Cognate with Scots krass (“to crush, squeeze, wrinkle”), Icelandic krasa (“to c

1 source section · 8 relationship mentions

crazo

From crazy + -o.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

crazy

From craze (“to crush”) + -y, akin to being "crazed up". Compare cracked up (“suffered a mental breakdown; be insane”), crackpot. Compare typologically Russian чо́кнутый (čóknutyj).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

creak

From Middle English creken, criken, metathesis of Old English cearcian (“to chatter, creak, crash, gnash”), from Proto-West Germanic *krakōn (“to crash, crack, creak”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound,

1 source section · 6 relationship mentions

cream

From Middle English creime, creme, from Old French creme, cresme, blend of Late Latin chrisma (“ointment”) (from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma, “unguent”)), and Late Latin crāmum (“cream”), from Gaulish *crama (compare W

2 source sections · 28 relationship mentions

creat

French, ultimately from Latin creatus (“created, begotten”); compare Italian creato (“pupil, servant”), Spanish criado (“a servant, client”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

cred

Clippings.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

credo

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱerd- Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Indo-European *-ti Proto-Indo-European *ḱérddʰeh₁ti Proto-Indo-European *ḱréddʰeh₁ti Proto-Italic *kresdō Latin crēdōlb

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

creed

Inherited from Middle English crede, from Old English crēda, borrowed from Latin crēdō (“to believe”), from Proto-Italic *kresdō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱréddʰeh₁ti (“to believe, trust”), from earlier *ḱérddʰeh₁ti, fr

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

creek

From Middle English crike, probably from Old Norse kriki, from Proto-Germanic *krikjô, variant of krekô, from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, to wind”); the modern form creek (already late Middle English creke) eith

1 source section · 10 relationship mentions

creel

Inherited from Northern Middle English crele, possibly from an Old French root *creille, variant of greille (compare French grille), from Latin crāticula.

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

creen

Borrowed from Cornish krena (“to tremble”).

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creep

From Middle English crepen, from Old English crēopan (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-West Germanic *kreupan, from Proto-Germanic *kreupaną (“to twist, creep”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to turn, wind”). Cognate

1 source section · 15 relationship mentions

crem

Shortening.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crema

From Italian crema. Doublet of cream, second-etymology crema, and crème.

2 source sections · 8 relationship mentions

cren-

From Ancient Greek κρήνη (krḗnē, “spring, fountain, well, waters”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

crena

Borrowed from Latin crēna.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

creo

Possibly a backformation of neo-creo.

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creo-

From Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas, “flesh”) + -o-.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

crep

Borrowed from Jamaican Creole crep.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crepe

Borrowed from French crêpe, from Latin crispus. Doublet of crisp and crape.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

creps

Clipping of crepitations.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cress

From Middle English cresse, crasse, from Old English cressa, cærse (“cress”), from Proto-West Germanic *krassjō, from Proto-Germanic *krasjô (“cress”). Cognate with West Frisian kers (“cress”), Dutch kers (“cress”), Germ

1 source section · 10 relationship mentions

crest

From Middle English creste, from Old French creste (modern French crête) and perhaps continuing Old English cræsta (“crest, tuft, plume”); both ultimately from Vulgar Latin *cresta, from Latin crista. Doublet of crista.

1 source section · 6 relationship mentions

crew

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- Proto-Indo-European *-sḱéti Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁-sḱéti Latin crēscere Old French creistre Old French creuebor. Middle English crue English crew From Middle English crue, fro

2 source sections · 4 relationship mentions

cria

Etymology tree Spanish criardeverb. Spanish críabor. English cria Borrowed from Spanish cría (“kid; pup; cria”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crib

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- Proto-Indo-European *grebʰ-der. Proto-Indo-European *grébʰ-ōn ~ *grbʰ-n-ōs Proto-Germanic *krebô Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ Proto-West Germanic *kribbjā Old English cribb Middle Eng

1 source section · 12 relationship mentions

crick

From Middle English crike, crykke (“muscular spasm of the neck”), attested since the 1400s. Likely related to Old Norse kriki (“bend; nook”), whence also crick (“creek”) and creek.

3 source sections · 5 relationship mentions

crier

From Middle English criour, cryour, crier, from Old French crieor (Modern French crieur), derived from the verb crier. By surface analysis, cry + -er.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

crile

An alteration of crowl.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crim

Clipping.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crime

From Middle English cryme, crime, from Old French crime, crimne, from Latin crīmen. Displaced native Old English firen.

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

crimo

From crime + -o (“person with characteristic”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crimp

From Middle English crimpen (“to be contracted, be drawn together”), from Middle Dutch crimpen, crempen (“to crimp”), from Proto-Germanic *krimpaną (“to shrink, draw back”) (compare related Old English ġecrympan (“to cur

3 source sections · 16 relationship mentions

crin

Borrowed from French crin (“horsehair”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crine

From Scots crine (“to shrivel”), from Scottish Gaelic crìon (“withered”), from Old Irish crín.

2 source sections · 7 relationship mentions

crip

Clipping of cripple.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crisp

The adjective is derived partly from the following: * Etymology 1, adjective sense 1: Middle English crisp (“curly, wavy”), from Old English crisp (“curly”), from Latin crispus (“of hair: crimped, curly”), possibly ultim

2 source sections · 11 relationship mentions

crit

From criticism, critique, critical, criterium, and critical hit, by shortening.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crith

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley corn, a small weight”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cro

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

croak

From Middle English *croken, crouken, (also represented by craken > crake), back-formation from Old English crācettan (“to croak”) (also in derivative crǣcetung (“croaking”)), from Proto-Germanic *krēk-, from Proto-Indo-

1 source section · 9 relationship mentions

croc

Clipping of crocodile.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

crock

From Middle English crok, crokke (“earthenware jar, pot, or other container; cauldron; belly, stomach”) [and other forms], from Old English crocc, crocca (“crock, pot, vessel”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic

2 source sections · 11 relationship mentions

croft

The noun is derived from Middle English croft, crofft, croffte, croofte, crofte (“croft”), from Old English croft (“enclosed field”); further etymology uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Germanic *kruftaz (“a hill; a cur

3 source sections · 18 relationship mentions

crome

From Proto-Germanic *krumpaz (“bent, crooked, curved”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cron

From chrono-, from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”). Originating as the name of a specific program, but since generalized to analogous ones.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

crone

From Middle English crone, from Anglo-Norman carogne (compare central Old French charogne (a term of abuse, literally “carrion, carcass, old sheep, hag”), whence modern French charogne). Doublet of carrion.

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

cronk

Imitative. Compare quonk.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crony

Coined between 1655 and 1665 from Ancient Greek χρόνιος (khrónios, “perennial, long-lasting”); see also chrono- (“time”). Initially Cambridge University slang, in sense of “chum”, as “friend of long standing”, with illeg

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

crook

From Middle English croke, crok, from Old English *crōc (“hook, bend, crook”), from Proto-West Germanic *krōk, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“bend, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *greg- (“tracery, basket, bend”). Cognat

3 source sections · 14 relationship mentions

crool

Imitative.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

croon

The verb is borrowed from Scots croon (“to utter a deep, long-drawn-out sound; to utter a lament, mourn; to sing in a wailing voice, whimper, whine; to mutter or sing in an undertone, hum”) [and other forms], from Middle

1 source section · 14 relationship mentions

crop

From Middle English crop, croppe, from Old English cropp, croppa (“the head or top of a plant, a sprout or herb, a bunch or cluster of flowers, an ear of corn, the craw of a bird, a kidney”), from Proto-West Germanic *kr

2 source sections · 18 relationship mentions

crope

From Middle English crope, from Old English crēap (“crept”), first and third person singular indicative of crēopan (“to creep”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

crore

Etymology tree Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑁄𑀟𑀺 (koḍi)bor. Hindi करोड़ (karoṛ)bor. Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑁄𑀟𑀺 (koḍi) Urdu کروڑbor. English crore Borrowed from Hindustani करोड़ / کروڑ (karoṛ).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

cross

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-der.? Proto-Italic *kruks /*krukis Latin cruxbor. Old Irish crosbor. Old Norse krossbor. Old English cros Middle English cross English cross From Middle English cross, cros, fro

2 source sections · 38 relationship mentions

croup

From Middle English croupe, from Old French croupe (“rump, body”), from Old Norse kroppr (“body, trunk, mass”), from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body, mass, heap, collection, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to c

2 source sections · 14 relationship mentions

crout

Adaptation of German Kraut.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

crow

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-der.? Proto-Germanic *krēanądeverb. Proto-Germanic *-ǭ Proto-Germanic *krēǭ Proto-West Germanic *krāā Old English crāwe Middle English crowe English crow From Middle English crow

3 source sections · 18 relationship mentions

crowd

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *grewt-der. Proto-Germanic *krūdaną Proto-West Germanic *krūdan Old English crūdan Middle English crouden English crowd From Middle English crouden, from Old English crūdan, from Proto-

2 source sections · 8 relationship mentions

crowl

Unknown.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crown

Inherited from Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced Old English

3 source sections · 26 relationship mentions

croze

Compare cross and crosier.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cru

Borrowed from French cru (“growth”), from French crû, past participle of French croître (“grow”).

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

cruck

Perhaps from a dialectal variant of crutch or crook.

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

crud

From Middle English crud, crudde (“coagulated milk; curd; any coagulated or thickened substance; dregs”), from Old English crūdan (“to press”). Doublet of curd.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

crude

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-der. Proto-Italic [Term?] Latin crūdusbor. Middle English crude English crude Doublet of crudo, which was borrowed from Italian, and (more distantly) raw through Proto-Indo-Euro

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

crudo

Borrowed from Italian crudo (literally “raw”). Doublet of crude.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

crudy

From crude + -y?

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cruel

From Middle English cruel, borrowed from Old French cruel, from Latin crūdēlis (“hard, severe, cruel”), akin to crūdus (“raw, crude”); see crude.

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

cruet

From Middle English, from Anglo-Norman cruet, diminutive of Old French crue (“an earthen pot”), from Old Saxon krūka.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

cruff

Unknown. Compare scruff (“one with untidy appearance”), scurf (“skin disease; dandruff”). Compare also cruft, crufty (“of inferior quality”); gruff (“rough, unpolished”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

cruft

Circa 1959, MIT Tech Model Railroad Club. Unknown origin; possibly from Cruft Hall, built in 1915 as a gift from a donor named Harriet Otis Cruft. Cruft Hall was the radar laboratory of Harvard's physics department durin

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

crumb

From Middle English crome, cromme, crumme, crume, from Old English cruma (“crumb, fragment”), from Proto-Germanic *krumô, *krūmô (“fragment, crumb”). The b is unetymological, as in limb, and first appeared in the mid-15t

1 source section · 7 relationship mentions

crump

Onomatopoeic.

3 source sections · 7 relationship mentions

crunk

Attested in the Southern US since the late 1980s, originally in the sense of “rowdy, high energy out-of-control behavior by a crowd at Southern night clubs”. Popularized by its use in the fusion genre of crunk music in t

3 source sections · 5 relationship mentions

cruor

Borrowed from Latin cruor (“blood”). See crude.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

crup

Compare Old High German grop, German grob (“coarse”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

crur-

From Latin crūris, genitive form of crūs (“leg”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

crus

Borrowed from Latin crūs.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cruse

From Middle English crouse, from Old English crūse (“jar, cruse”), from Proto-West Germanic *krūsā, from Proto-Germanic *krūsǭ, *krūsaz (“jar, pot, collar, jug”). Cognate with German Krause (“pot with a lid”), Icelandic

1 source section · 8 relationship mentions

crush

From Middle English cruschen (“to crush, smash, squeeze, squash”), from Old French croissir (“to crush”), from Late Latin *crusciō (“to crush”), from Frankish *krustijan (“to crush, squeeze, squash”), from Proto-Germanic

2 source sections · 24 relationship mentions

crust

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *krews- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *krustós Proto-Italic *krustosder. Latin crusta Anglo-Norman crustebor. Middle English cruste English crust From Middle English cru

1 source section · 12 relationship mentions

crut

Compare French croûte (“crust”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

crux

Borrowed from Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”).

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

cruxy

From crux + -y.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

crwth

From earlier crowd, from Middle English crowde, reinforced by and cognate to Welsh crwth; ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kruttos (“round thing”).

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

cry

The verb is from Middle English crien (13th century), from Old French crier, from Vulgar Latin *crītāre, generally thought to derive from Classical Latin quirītāre (Proto-West Germanic *krītan has also been suggested as

2 source sections · 38 relationship mentions

cryey

From cry + -ey.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cryic

From cryo- + -ic.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cryo

Shortening.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cryo-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κρῠ́ος (krŭ́os, “ice, icy cold, chill, frost”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

crypt

Learned borrowing from Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

crème

Unadapted borrowing from French crème. Doublet of cream and crema.

2 source sections · 6 relationship mentions

crêpy

Etymology tree English crêpe Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English crêpy From crêpe + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

ctene

From the stem of Ancient Greek κτείς (kteís, “comb”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cuajo

From Spanish cuajo, from Hokkien, possibly 看好 (khòaⁿ-hó) or 看護 /看护 (khàn-hō͘ / khòaⁿ-hō͘ / khan-hō͘) or 看虎 (khòaⁿ hó͘, literally “watching the tiger”). Compare Tagalog kuwaho, Kapampangan kuwaho, English khanhoo.

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

cub

From earlier cubbe. Origin unknown. According to Pokorny, from Proto-Germanic *kubb-, from Proto-Indo-European *gup- (“round object, knoll”), from *gew- (“to bend, curve, convex, arch, vault”). Related terms include cup

1 source section · 8 relationship mentions

cubby

From Middle English cub (“stall”) + -y (diminutive suffix). Cognate with French cagibi.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

cube

From Old French cube, from Latin cubus, from Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos). Displaced Old English tæfel ("cube, die, game with dice or tables").

2 source sections · 5 relationship mentions

cubeb

From Middle English quibibe, from Old French quibibe, cubebe, from Arabic كُبَابَة (kubāba). The current form is remodelled after modern French cubèbe.

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

cuber

From cube (verb) + -er.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

cubey

From cube + -y.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

cubic

From Middle French cubique, equivalent to cube + -ic.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cubie

From cube + -ie.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cubit

From Middle English cubite, from Latin cubitum (“elbow, cubit”). Doublet of cubitus, covado, and codo.

1 source section · 6 relationship mentions

cubyl

From cube + -yl. Compare cubane, cubene.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

cuck

Etymology tree Middle English cokewold English cuckoldclip. English cuck Clipping of cuckold or cuckquean. The sense of weakling, race traitor, etc. apparently originated on 4chan in 2014 and migrated to Reddit soon afte

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

cucky

From cuck + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cud

From Middle English code, cudde, coude, quede, quide, from Old English cudu, cwidu, from Proto-West Germanic *kwidu, from Proto-Germanic *kweduz (“resin”). Doublet of quid (“material for chewing”). Cognate with German Ki

2 source sections · 7 relationship mentions

cuda

Clipping of barracuda.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cuddy

Uncertain. Perhaps a contraction from Dutch kajuit (“cabin”).

3 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

cue

From Middle English cu (used for half a farthing, from q as an abbreviation for Latin quadrāns (“quarter of an as”)), from Latin cū, kū. Compare French ku.

3 source sections · 6 relationship mentions

cueca

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish cueca, from zamacueca, a dance performed in Chile and Peru.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cuer

From cue + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cuff

From Middle English cuffe, coffe (“glove, mitten”), of obscure origin. Perhaps from Old English cuffie (“hood, cap”), from Medieval Latin cofia, cofea, cuffa, cuphia (“helmet, headdress, hood, cap”), from Frankish *kuf(f

3 source sections · 13 relationship mentions

cuh

Clipping of cousin. Compare English cuz.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cuica

From Portuguese cuíca, from Old Tupi.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cuiui

Borrowed from Northern Paiute kuyui.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cuju

From Mandarin 蹴鞠 (cùjū).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

cuke

Clipping of cucumber.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cukup

From Malay cukup (“enough”), coined by e-sports athletes in Malaysia and Singapore when competing with each other in e-sports matches.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

cul8r

From c (“see”) + u (“you”) + l8r (“later”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

culch

Uncertain.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

culet

From Middle French culet, diminutive of cul (“bottom”), from Latin culus (“arse”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

culex

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱuH-ló-der. Latin culexbor. English culex Borrowed from Latin culex (“gnat”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cull

From Middle English cullen, cuilen, coilen, from Old French cuillir (“collect, gather, select”), from Latin colligō (“gather together”). Doublet of coil.

2 source sections · 5 relationship mentions

cully

Uncertain. Short for cullion? Compare Irish cuallaí (“companion”)

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

culm

From Middle English culme, colme (“fragments of coal”), of uncertain origin. Probably from Old English *colm, related to Old English col (“coal”). Alternatively, perhaps from Welsh cwlm (“knot or tie”), applied to this s

2 source sections · 7 relationship mentions

culmy

From culm + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

culo

Borrowed from Spanish culo. Doublet of goola.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

culpa

Learned borrowing from Latin culpa.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

culpe

From French coulpe, from Latin culpa. Compare culpable, culprit.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

cult

Derived from French culte, from Latin cultus (“care, adoration; cult”), from colō (“cultivate; protect”).

2 source sections · 6 relationship mentions

culty

Etymology tree English cult Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English culty From cult + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

cum

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱe? Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm Proto-Italic *kom Old Latin com Latin cumlbor. English cum Learned borrowing from Latin cum.

4 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

cumai

From translingual Cu (copper) + Japanese 枚 (“まい, mai”) (sheet). Modeled after gomai (“5 sheets”) and sanmai (“3 sheets”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

cume

From cumulative; compare cumulate.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cumec

Blend of cubic + metre + second.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions · brief record

cumin

From Middle English comyn, from Old English cymen (which is cognate with Old High German kumin) and Old French cummin, both from Latin cuminum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon), a Semitic borrowing ultimately to be t

1 source section · 7 relationship mentions

cummy

From cum + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

cun

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- Proto-Indo-European *-né- Proto-Indo-European *-ti Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti Proto-Germanic *kunnaną Proto-West Germanic *kunnan Old English cunnan Middle English cunnen En

3 source sections · 5 relationship mentions

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Read the layers separately

These source reports extend Wiktionary’s work through Kaikki / Wiktextract, with attribution and visible extraction limits. A relationship mentioned in a source is not automatically the immediate parent of a word. Newly written research analyses cite their own references. The reviewed graph has a separate evidence contract and counter.

The full multilingual corpus remains local; this directory covers only the bounded English slice. See exactly what has been acquired and published →