The English source dictionary · partial corpus coverage

English word origins · page 57

35,981 permanent word records. Read the source etymologies, inspect mentioned relationships and see where the evidence stops. These are not 35,981 independently reviewed deep dives.

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Page 57 of 180

Owain

Borrowed from Welsh Owain. Doublet of Owen.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Owase

Borrowed from Japanese 尾鷲 (Owase).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Owen

From various origins. See below

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Owens

From Owen + -s (patronymic suffix).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

Owl

Named from the Owlerton stadium where they used to play.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Ox

(constellation): Semantic loan from Chinese 牛宿 (Niúxiù). : (surname): From ox, the animal. : (Oxford): Clipping

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Oxf

Shortened form of Oxford taking all the letters of the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Oxfam

Syllabic abbreviation of Oxford Committee for Famine Relief: originally the telegraphic address of the organisation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Oxhey

From Middle English Oxehey, from Old English Oxanġehæġ, from Old English oxa (“ox”) + ġehæġ (“an enclosed piece of land, meadow, a hay”), equivalent to ox + hay.

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

Oxley

From Old English oxa (“ox”) + lēah (“woodland clearing”). Equivalent to ox + -ley (“lea”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Oxner

Americanized spelling of German Ochsner.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Oxon

From Latin Oxonia (“Oxfordshire”).

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

Oxted

Appears in the Domesday Book as Acstede, "place where oaks grew"

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Oxus

From Latin Ōxus, from Ancient Greek Ὦξος (Ôxos). Doublet of Vakhsh.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Oxy

Respelled shortening of the name.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Oyama

Borrowed from Japanese 小山 (Oyama), 尾山 (Oyama) or 大山 (Ōyama).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

From Oyda Oyda, it is an endonym of the people and language while also an ethnonym and toponym. According to oral tradition, the name is a cognate of the Oyda noun oyda (“seat; chair”), used metaphorically to represent t

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

Oyub

Borrowed from Russian Оюб (Ojub).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Oz

After the fictional land in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

5 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozaki

Borrowed from Japanese 尾崎 (Ozaki).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozark

From French aux arcs (literally “at the arches”), in reference to natural bridge formations in the area, or aux Arcs, a clipping of aux Arcansas (“among the Arkansas”), i.e. the Quapaw people.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

Ozawa

Borrowed from Japanese 小沢 (Ozawa).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozbun

Variant of Osborne.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Ozer

Two main origins: * Borrowed from Turkish Özer, a personal name composed of the elements öz (“core, essence”) and er (“soldier”). * Borrowed from Hebrew עוזר (ozér, “assistant, helper”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Ozga

Borrowed from Polish Ozga.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozian

From Oz + -ian.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Ozier

Borrowed from French Ozier.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozite

From Oz + -ite.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Ozona

Named in 1897, from ozone.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Ozor

From Igbo [Term?].

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Ozsu

Borrowed from Turkish Özsu.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozun

From Romanian Ozun.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozuna

Borrowed from Spanish Ozuna, variant of Osuna.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Ozzie

Diminutive forms, + -ie.

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

Ozzy

Clippings + -y

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Oña

Borrowed from Spanish Oña.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Oława

Unadapted borrowing from Polish Oława.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

P

Abbreviations.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

P U

Originally single-syllable (variably pue, peuh, peugh, pyoo, pew). Compare pooh and ew. Perhaps influenced by Spanish fu, an interjection indicating disgust, or French puer (“to stink”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

P'eng

From Mandarin 彭 (Péng) Wade–Giles romanization: Pʻêng².

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

P'i

From the Wade-Giles romanization of Chinese 郫 (pí)縣 /县 (Píxiàn).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

P-pop

From P (“Pinoy”) + pop, by analogy with J-pop.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

P100

From Initialism of oil-Proof with 100% filtration efficiency in NIOSH air filtration ratings.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

P45

The form number designated by Britain's HM Revenue and Customs department.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

P95

From Initialism of oil-Proof with 95% filtration efficiency in NIOSH air filtration ratings.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

P99

From Initialism of oil-Proof with 99% filtration efficiency in NIOSH air filtration ratings.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PADS

Source etymology material for PADS; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PAIN

Backformation from pain (“pain in the ass”)

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PASOK

Borrowed from Greek ΠΑΣΟΚ (PASOK), from πανελλήνιο (panellínio, “panhellenic”) + σοσιαλιστικό (sosialistikó, “socialist”) + κίνημα (kínima, “movement”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

PBF

Initialism of partially breastfed or partial breastfeeding; by analogy with EBF.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PBMer

From PBM + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PBR

Abbreviation.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

PC

Source etymology material for PC; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PCX

Short for “personal computer exchange”, introduced in PC Paintbrush software in the 1980s.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PCer

From PC + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PCism

From PC + -ism.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PDF

Source etymology material for PDF; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PDK

Abbreviation.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention

PDU30

From President + Duterte respelled as DU30 with homophonous 30 (“thirty”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PDX

From Portland International Airport’s IATA airport code PDX, by extension.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PEGOT

Initialism

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PEGyl

From PEG + -yl.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PET

The name of the computer (noun sense 4) derives from the 1970s pet rock fad; the acronym was invented afterwards.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PFAR

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PFK

Abbreviation

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PFS

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PG-13

Originates from the content rating for media entertainment in which "PG" stands for "parental guidance". There are several countries with a rating called "PG-13". The rating generally requires restrictions on profanity a

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

PGO

Short for ponto-geniculo-occipital wave.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PGSO

Initialism.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PHASR

From the fictional Star Trek weapon technology, the phaser.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PHB

After the character in Scott Adams' Dilbert comic strip.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PHP

Originally an initialism of personal home page, used to describe a set of tools written by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. With the advent of PHP 3 which was no longer a limited language it was renamed to a recursive backronym:

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

PHPer

From PHP + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PIBBY

Acronym of place in Blacks' back yard, modeled after NIMBY. Coined by Robert Bullard.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PIFA

Abbreviation

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PIFS

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PIREP

Short for pilot report.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PJSK

Abbreviation of Project Sekai, the name under which the game was originally released in Japan. "Sekai" is a fictional dimension that serves as the main setting for the game, from Japanese 世界 (“world”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

PKK

Borrowed from a Kurdish language.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PKer

From PK (“player kill”) + -er.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

PLUS

Borrowed from Malay Projek Lebuhraya Utara Selatan Berhad (“North-South Highway Project Company”), PLUS Expressway's original name in Malay.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

PMAer

From PMA + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PMSer

From PMS + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PNT

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PNoy

Abbreviation of President Noynoy, with Noynoy being a nickname of Benigno Aquino III. Additionally, also a pun on Pinoy.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

PO'd

Euphemistic and abbreviated form of pissed off.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POCA

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POG

Source etymology material for POG; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POLAC

Blend of police + accident.

2 source sections · 4 relationship mentions · brief record

PONI

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POS

Source etymology material for POS; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POSIX

Source etymology material for POSIX; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POTUS

Phillips Code abbreviation, 1895. In more common usage since the 1990s.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

POUM

Borrowed from Spanish or Catalan POUM.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PPT

(PowerPoint): Originally used as its document filename extension.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PR

Source etymology material for PR; no narrative etymology was supplied in this snapshot.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PRATT

Initialism of point refuted a thousand times.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PRM

Borrowed from Spanish PRM (“Partido Revolucionario Moderno”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PRNDL

From the letters marked on the gearstick, standing for park, reverse, neutral, drive, low, the gears on a standard automatic transmission.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

PRO

Initialism.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PROM

In all senses, by acronymy.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PRS

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PRVI

Abbreviation of Puerto Rico Virgin Islands.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PS

Abbreviation.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PSA

English initialisms.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PSC

Abbreviation.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PSOE

Borrowed from Spanish PSOE.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PSPer

From PSP (“PaintShop Pro”) + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PSR

Abbreviation.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PSUV

Borrowed from Spanish PSUV (“Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PSX

Sony product codename.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PV

Abbreviation. * Sense "promotional video" is a borrowing from Japanese PV (PV, “promotional video”), from English promotional + video.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

PVOH

From polyvinyl (“PV”) and the hydroxyl group -OH found in alcohol.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PVV

Borrowed from Dutch PVV (“Partij Voor de Vrijheid”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

PWCer

From PWC (“personal water craft”) + -er.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

PWN

Abbreviation of pulsar wind nebula.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

PXEer

From PXE + -er.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pa'O

From Burmese ပအိုဝ်း (pa.uiw:).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paar

* As a German surname, from Middle Low German pār (“house of a priest”), from Latin parochia (“parish”). * Also as a German surname, from the noun Paar (“pair, married couple”). This is also found in several Slavic count

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Pablo

Borrowed from Spanish Pablo from Latin Paulus. Doublet of Paul.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Pabon

From French Pabon or Spanish Pabón.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

Pac

Various origins: * Borrowed from Polish Pac, a hypocoristic short form of several personal names, such as Paweł or Pakosław. * Borrowed from Czech and Slovak Pač, Páč, from a short form of the personal name Pačeslav. * B

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Pacas

Borrowed from Spanish Pacas. This surname is mostly found in El Salvador.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pach

From Polish Pach, Czech Pach, or German Pach.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Packe

Variant of Pack.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Paco

Borrowed from Spanish Paco, diminutive of Spanish Francisco. See also Spanish Pancho.

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Padan

Borrowed from Latin Padānus, from Padus + -ānus. By surface analysis, Padus + -an.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paddy

Etymology tree Irish Pád(raig) Proto-Germanic *-j-, *-ij- Proto-West Germanic *-i, *-ī Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English Paddy From Irish Pád(raig) (“Patrick”) + English -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

Padeș

From Romanian Padeș.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Padia

Borrowed from Spanish Padía.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Padin

From Galician Padín, a surname of toponymical origin, ultimately from Latin Palatinus.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Padma

Borrowed from Sanskrit पद्म (padma, “lotus”), which the river was named for. Doublet of Pema.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Padua

From Medieval Latin Padua, from Venetan Padoa, from Latin Patavium.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Padus

Learned borrowing from Latin Padus.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paek

Borrowed from Korean 백 (baek).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paez

Anglicization of Spanish Páez, of Galician origin, patronymic form of Paio (“Pelagio”), from Latin Pelagius

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Pagan

Borrowed from Latin pāgānus (“rustic, rural”).

2 source sections · 3 relationship mentions

Page

From page.

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paha

From Finnish paha, consort of lempo.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pahal

Borrowed from Hindi पहल (pahal).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paia

From Hawaiian Pāʻia.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paide

Etymology tree Proto-Norse [Term?]bor.? Proto-Germanic *spēda-bor.? Proto-Finnic *paaci Estonian paas? Estonian Paidebor. English Paide Borrowed from Estonian Paide.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

Paige

Variant of Page, from page, from Old French page, possibly via Old Italian paggio, from Late Latin pagius (“servant”), probably from Ancient Greek παιδίον (paidíon, “boy, lad”), from παῖς (paîs, “child”); some sources co

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Paik

Variant of Baek.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Paily

Blend of Paige + Emily.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

Pain

Various origins: * A variant of Paine. * Borrowed from Spanish Paín.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paino

Borrowed from Italian Paino.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pair

From the German surname, probably a variant of Baer, from the noun Bär (“bear”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pais

Borrowed from Galician and Portuguese Pais.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paish

Variant of Pask.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pajak

From Polish Pająk (“spider”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Paju

Borrowed from Korean 파주(坡州) (Paju).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pak

Either a clipping of Pakistani and Pakistan or a back-formation from Pakistan. Doublet of Paki.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paki

Either a clipping of Pakistani or a back-formation from Pakistan. Doublet of Pak.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pala

Various origins: * Borrowed from Italian Pala, a topographic surname for someone who lived near an upland meadow. * Borrowed from Catalan Palà, a habitational surname from a town near Barcelona; also from pala (“shovel”)

2 source sections · 6 relationship mentions

Palam

Transliteration of Hindustani پَالَم / पालम (pālam).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Palau

Borrowed from Palauan Belau (“Palau”), traditionally derived from aidebelau (“indirect replies”) in reference to the island's creation story, or from beluu (“village”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banua (“inhabited lan

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Paleo

Shortening.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pales

From Latin Palēs, from Etruscan.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pali

A learned borrowing from Sanskrit पालि (pāli).

4 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Palin

Anglicization of Welsh ap Heilyn (“son of Heilyn”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Palix

Borrowed from French Palix.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pall

Various origins: * Borrowed from Hungarian Páll, a variant of Pál. * Borrowed from Telugu పాల్ (pāl), a rendition of the personal name Paul.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Palla

* As an Italian surname, borrowed from Italian Palla. * As a Catalan and Galician surname, from palla (“straw”). * As a Hungarian surname, variant of Pál. * As a Telugu surname, borrowed from Telugu పల్ల (palla) or Telug

1 source section · 4 relationship mentions

Pallo

Borrowed from Hungarian Palló, but also from Spanish Pallo. This surname is mostly found in Ecuador.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Pallu

Tamil பள்ளு (paḷḷu)

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pally

Shortened form with diminutive suffix -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Palm

From Middle High German palme, balme, related to palm (“palm tree”).

2 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Palma

Borrowed from Spanish Palma. Doublet of palm.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Palme

From Middle High German palme, balme.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Palms

Variant of Dutch Palm.

3 source sections · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Palos

The name was approved in 2000, and refers to Palos de la Frontera, a town in Spain.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Palou

Borrowed from Spanish (from Catalan) or French (from Occitan Palon).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Palpy

Clipping of Palpatine + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pam

Clipping.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Paman

From Pama + -an.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pammy

Etymology tree English Pam Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English Pammy From Pam + -y.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pan

From Middle English Pan, from Latin Pān, from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).

3 source sections · 5 relationship mentions

Panas

Various origins: * Borrowed from Greek Πανάς (Panás), a reduced form of the personal name Panagiotis, or an occupational surname for a merchant of cloths, from πανί (paní, “cloth, fabric”). * Borrowed from Polish Panas a

1 source section · 3 relationship mentions

Panay

From Spanish Panay, from Ati Aninipay.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pande

Borrowed from Hindi and Nepali पाण्डे (pāṇḍe).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pando

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- Proto-Indo-European *-né- Proto-Indo-European *-ti Proto-Indo-European *ptnéh₂ti Proto-Italic *pandō Latin pandōbor. English Pando Borrowed from Latin pandō (“I spread”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

Pandu

Transliteration of Sanskrit पाण्डु (pāṇḍu).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Panek

Borrowed from Polish Panek and Czech Pánek.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief record

Pang

From: * various Chinese surnames, including Mandarin 龐 /庞 (páng), Cantonese 彭 (paang⁴) and Hokkien 馮 /冯 (pâng) * Khmer បាង (baang).

2 source sections · 4 relationship mentions

Pangu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 盤古／盘古 (Pángǔ).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Panic

From Pan + -ic.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Panji

Borrowed from Javanese Panji.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pansy

From pansy (“type of flower”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Pant

As a place name, usually from Proto-Brythonic *panto (“hollow”), or its descendant forms Cumbric pant and Welsh pant.

2 source sections · 4 relationship mentions

Panyu

From Mandarin 番禺 (Pānyú).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Panza

Borrowed from Italian Panza.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Paoay

Borrowed from Ilocano Paoay. See that for more details.

2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions

Paola

Borrowed from Italian Paola.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Paolo

Borrowed from Italian Paolo. Doublet of Paul.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

Paone

Borrowed from Italian Paone.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Pape

Shortened from Papist.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Papik

Of Slavic origin.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

Papin

Borrowed from French Papin.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

Papua

There are three theories: * From Malay pepuah (“curly (of hair)”) for the natives of the island of New Guinea. * From Ternate/Tidore papo ua (“not united; not coalesced”), referring to the territory that geographically w

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

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These source reports extend Wiktionary’s work through Kaikki / Wiktextract, with attribution and visible extraction limits. A relationship mentioned in a source is not automatically the immediate parent of a word. Newly written research analyses cite their own references. The reviewed graph has a separate evidence contract and counter.

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