The English source dictionary · partial corpus coverage

English word origins · page 83

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adown

From Middle English adoun, from Old English adūn, earlier ofdūne (“down”), from of dūne (“off the hill”) (compare Latin ad vallum > Old French à val, used in the same way).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

adoze

From a- + doze.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

adprep

Shortening.

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Borrowed from Hindustani (Hindi अदरक (adrak) / Urdu اَدْرَک (adrak, “ginger”)), from Prakrit *𑀆𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀅 (*āddaa), in turn from Sanskrit आर्द्रक (ārdraka, “ginger”), ultimately from आर्द्र (ārdra, “wet”), as fresh ginger

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adraki

Borrowed from Hindustani (Hindi अदरकी (adarkī) / Urdu اَدْرَکِی (adrakī)), from अदरक (adrak, “ginger”) + -ई (-ī) / اَدْرَک (adrak, “ginger”) + ـِی (-ī), from Prakrit *𑀆𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀅 (*āddaa), in turn from Sanskrit आर्द्रक (ā

1 source section · 8 relationship mentions

adrate

ad + rate

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adraw

From Middle English adrawen, adraȝen, from Old English ādragan (“to draw, draw out (a sword)”), equivalent to a- + draw.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

adread

From Middle English adreden, from late Old English ādrǣdan, from earlier Old English ondrǣdan, from Proto-West Germanic *andrādan.

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adream

From a- + dream.

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adree

From Middle English adreȝen, adreoȝen, from Old English ādrēogan (“to act, do, perform, practice, bear, suffer, endure, pass time, live”), equivalent to a- + dree.

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adren-

From ad- (“near”) + ren(al) (“pertaining to the kidneys”), from Latin rēn (“kidney”).

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adret

Borrowed from French adret or Occitan adret, adré, adrech, adreit (“sun-facing side of a mountain”), from Old Occitan adreg, adreit, from a (“to, towards”) (from Latin ad (“to, towards”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Europ

1 source section · 8 relationship mentions

adrift

Etymology tree English a- Proto-Germanic *drībaną Proto-Indo-European *-tis Proto-Germanic *-þiz Proto-Germanic *driftiz Old English *drift Middle English drift English drift English adrift The adverb is derived from a-

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adrip

From a- + drip.

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adroit

Borrowed from French adroit, from French à (“on the; to”) (from Old French a (“to; towards”), from Latin ad (“to; towards”), from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“at; near”)) + French droit (“right”) (from Old French droit, dre

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adroop

From a- + droop.

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adry

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *né Proto-Indo-European *n̥- Proto-Hellenic *ə- Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)der. English a- English dry English adry From a- + dry.

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adshel

From a brand name.

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adsorb

From French adsorber, from Latin ad- (“to”) + sorbeō (“suck in”).

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adtech

From ad + tech.

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adufe

From Portuguese adufe.

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adult

From French adulte, from Latin adultus (“grown up”), perfect passive participle of adolescō (“to grow up”). Compare adolescent.

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adulty

From adult + -y.

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adunc

Borrowed from Latin aduncus.

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adure

Borrowed from Latin adūrere.

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adusk

From a- (“on, at”) + dusk.

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adust

From Middle French aduste, and its source, Latin adustus (“burnt, scorched”), past participle of adūrere.

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advect

Back-formation from advection.

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advene

Borrowed from Latin advenire (“to come to, arrive at”), from ad (“to”) + venire (“to come”). Compare convene, intervene, supervene.

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advent

Borrowed from Latin adventus (“arrival, approach”).

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adverb

Borrowed from French adverbe, from Latin adverbium, from ad- (“to”) + verb(um) (“word, verb”) + -ium, so called because it is used to supplement other words (not specifically verbs). By surface analysis, ad- + verb.

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advert

Clipping of advertisement.

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advice

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd Proto-Italic *ad Latin ad Old French a Proto-Indo-European *weyd- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *widtós Proto-Italic *wissos Latin vīsus Old French vis Old French

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advieh

Borrowed from Persian ادویه.

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advise

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advoke

Borrowed from Latin advocare, formed from ad + vocare (“to call”). Doublet of advocate, avouch, and avow.

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adware

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd Proto-Italic *ad Proto-Italic *ad- Latin ad- Proto-Indo-European *wert- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *-etor Proto-Indo-European *wértetor Proto-Italic *wertō Lati

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adwise

From ad + -wise.

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adyt

From Latin adytum.

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adyton

From Ancient Greek ἄδυτον (áduton); compare adytum.

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adytum

Borrowed from Latin adytum, from Ancient Greek ἄδυτον (áduton, “innermost sanctuary; shrine”), inflected form of ἄδυτος (ádutos, “not to be entered”).

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adze

From Middle English adse, adese, from Old English adesa, eadesa (compare the oldest forms: adosa, adosan), assumed from Proto-Germanic *adisô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃edʰḗs (compare Hittite [script needed] (atešša, “

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adzer

From adze + -er.

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adzine

From ad + zine.

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adzuki

Borrowed from Japanese 小豆(あずき) (azuki, literally “small bean”). In Japanese, it was historically pronounced /aduki/, but /du/ eventually transformed into /zu/, and was variously romanized as "dzu" and "zu" (compare kudzu

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ae

Variant form of æ.

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aecium

From New Latin aecium, from Ancient Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā, “injury, insult”). However Merriam-Webster relates that aecium is a back-formation from aecidium and is not related to the Greek αἰκίᾱ (aikíā). The word aecium was

1 source section · 1 relationship mention

aedile

From Latin aedīlis (“commissioner or magistrate”), from aedēs + -īlis.

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aedine

From Ancient Greek ἀηδής (aēdḗs) + -ine.

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aedoe-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αἰδοῖα (aidoîa, “privy parts, pudenda”).

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aeger

From Latin aeger (“sick”).

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aegis

Borrowed from Latin aegis, from Ancient Greek αἰγίς (aigís, “goatskin; shield of Athena”), probably from αἴξ (aíx, “goat”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“goat”). The plural form aegides (/ˈiːd͡ʒɪdiːz/) is borrowed f

1 source section · 5 relationship mentions

aegyo

Borrowed from Korean 애교(愛嬌) (aegyo).

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ael

From Middle English aiel.

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aeneus

From the taxonomic name, from Latin aēneus (“bronze”).

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aeolo-

From Ancient Greek αἰόλος (aiólos, “changeful, lively”).

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aeon

From Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age, era”).

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aerate

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- Proto-Indo-European *-r Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér Proto-Hellenic *auhḗr Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr)bor. Latin aer Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-E

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aerial

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- Proto-Indo-European *-r Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér Proto-Hellenic *auhḗr Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr) Proto-Indo-European *-yósder. Ancient Greek -ιος (-ios) Ancient Greek ᾱ̓έρῐος

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aerian

Etymology tree Old French aerien French aériender. English aerian From the French aérien, from the Old French aerïen, from the Classical Latin āerius; compare aerial.

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aeried

From aerie + -ed.

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aerify

Etymology tree English aer- Latin -i- Proto-Italic *-fakos Latin -ficus Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic

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aerily

Etymology tree Ancient Greek ᾱ̓έρῐος (āérĭos)der. Latin āerius Proto-Italic *-ālis Latin -ālislbor. Old French -albor. ▲ Latin -ālis Old French -elbor. ▲ Latin -ālisbor. Middle English -al English -al English aerial Midd

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aero

Back-formation from aero- (prefix), from Ancient Greek ἀέρος (aéros).

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aero-

From Ancient Greek ἀέρος (aéros), the genitive singular of ἀήρ (aḗr, “air”).

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aerobe

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- Proto-Indo-European *-r Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér Proto-Hellenic *auhḗr Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr) Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-der. Ancient Greek βίος (bíos) French aérobieder.

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aeroir

From aero- + terroir (“the complete set of local conditions in which a particular wine or family of wines is produced”). Coined by American freelance writer Nicola Twilley working with the Center for Genomic Gastronomy a

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aerose

From Latin aerōsus (“full of copper”), from aes (“copper, brass”) + -ōsus.

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aerugo

Borrowed from Latin aerūgō, from aes (“copper, bronze, brass”).

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aery

From Middle English aery, from Latin āerius.

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aetat

Shortened from Latin aetatis, genitive of aetas (“age”).

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aetio-

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey-der. Ancient Greek αἰτῐ́ᾱ (aitĭ́ā)der. English aetio- See etio- § Etymology.

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aett

Borrowed from Old Norse ætt.

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aeval

Derived from Latin aevum (“lifetime, age, eternity”) + -al.

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aevum

Learned borrowing from Latin aevum (“temporal mode of existence between time and eternity”). Doublet of aeviternity and aye.

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af-

Assimilated form of ad- before f. From Latin ad-.

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aface

From a- + face.

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afaint

From a- + faint.

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afanc

From Welsh afanc.

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afar

From Middle English afer, equivalent to a- (“for, on, or of”) + far.

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afara

Borrowed from Yoruba afàrà.

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afare

From Middle English afaren, from Old English āfaran (“to depart, march, to go out of or from a place, travel, remove, lead out”). Equivalent to a- + fare.

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afear

From Middle English aferen (“to frighten, terrify”), from Old English āfǣran (“to terrify, dismay”), from ā- (perfective prefix) + fǣran (“to frighten; to devour, raven”), from fǣr (“sudden danger, calamity, ambush; a bl

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afeard

From afear + -ed.

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afelia

From Greek αφέλια (afélia).

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afetal

From a- + fetal.

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aff

Apocopic form of affirmative.

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affair

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd Proto-Italic *ad Latin ad Old French a Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁k- Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁kyéti Proto-Italic *θakjō Proto

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affear

Alternative form of afear.

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affect

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd Proto-Italic *ad Proto-Italic *ad- Latin ad- Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁k- Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁kyéti Proto-Italic *θakjō

3 source sections · 10 relationship mentions

affeer

From Middle English afferen, aferen, from Old French aferer, afuerer, afeurer, aforer, from Medieval Latin afforāre.

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affine

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd Proto-Italic *ad Latin ad Latin fīnis Latin affinisbor. English affine Borrowed from Latin affinis, from ad + fīnis (“boundary”).

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affirm

From Middle English affermen, from Old French afermer, affermer, from Latin affirmare, adfirmare (“to present as fixed, aver, affirm”), from ad (“to”) + firmare (“to make firm”), from firmus (“firm”). By surface analysis

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affix

Borrowed from Latin affixus, perfect passive participle of affigere (from ad- + figere). By surface analysis, af- + fix.

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afflux

From Latin affluĕre, affluxum. See affluent.

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afford

From Middle English afforthen, aforthen, avorthien, from earlier iforthen, iforthien, ȝeforthien, from Old English forþian, ġeforþian (“to further, accomplish, afford”), from Proto-Germanic *furþōną, from Proto-Germanic

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afform

From Old French aformer, from a- (“to”) + former (“form”).

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affrap

From Italian affrappare, from ad- + frappare (“to cut”).

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affray

From Middle English affraien (“to terrify, frighten”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman afrayer (“to terrify, disquiet, disturb”) and Old French effreer, esfreer (“to disturb, remove the peace from”) (compare modern French eff

1 source section · 9 relationship mentions

affret

From Italian affrettare.

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affuse

Borrowed from Latin affundō (“I pour, sprinkle, or scatter onto”, perfect passive participial stem: affūs-).

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affy

From Middle English affien (“to have faith, trust”), from Anglo-Norman afier, affier, affyer, Middle French afier, affier, affyer, and Old French afier (“to agree to marry; to believe, trust; to assure, promise; to confi

2 source sections · 7 relationship mentions

affzer

Initialism of alt.fan.frank-zappa + -er.

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afghan

From Afghan.

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afield

From Middle English afeld, a-felde, o felde, on felde, from Old English on felde (“afield”, literally “in (the) field”), equivalent to a- (“on”) + field.

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afire

13ᵗʰc., from Middle English afire, equivalent to a- (“on”) + fire. Figurative usage from late 14ᵗʰc.

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afitin

Probably from Fon afitin

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aflaj

Borrowed from Arabic أَفْلَاج (ʔaflāj), plural of فَلَج (falaj, “irrigation channel”).

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aflame

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der. Proto-Germanic *an Proto-West Germanic *ana Old English on Middle English a- Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-der. Proto-Italic *flagmā Latin flamma Old French flame Anglo-Norman fl

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aflap

From a- + flap.

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aflare

From a- + flare.

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aflash

From a- + flash.

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aflat

From a- + flat.

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afloat

From a- + float.

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aflood

From a- + flood.

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aflop

From a- + flop.

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aflow

From a- + flow.

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aflush

From a- + flush.

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afly

From a- + fly.

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afoam

From a- + foam.

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afocal

From a- + focal.

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afoot

From a- + foot.

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afore

From Middle English afore, aforn, from Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.

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afore-

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *né Proto-Indo-European *n̥- Proto-Hellenic *ə- Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)der. English a- English fore- English afore- From a- + fore-.

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afoul

From a- + foul.

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afoxe

From Portuguese afoxé.

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afper

Initialism of alt.fan.pratchett + -er.

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afraid

From Middle English affrayed, affraied, past participle of afraien (“to affray”), from Anglo-Norman afrayer (“to terrify, disquiet, disturb”), from Old French effreer, esfreer (“to disturb, remove the peace from”), from

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afresh

From Middle English a-fresche, equivalent to a- + fresh. Compare Old English afersċean (“to freshen; become fresh”).

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afro

From Afro-. In relation to the sense 2, see latino and anglo.

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afro'd

From afro + -'d.

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afroed

From afro + -ed.

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afront

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der. Proto-Germanic *an Proto-West Germanic *ana Old English on Middle English an Middle English a- English a- Latin frontem Old French frontbor. Middle English frount English fro

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afroth

From a- + froth.

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afrown

From a- + frown.

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aft

From Old English æftan (“behind”); possibly originally superlative of of (“off”). See after.

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aftaba

Borrowed from Classical Persian آفْتَابَه (āftāba).

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aftah

From after.

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aftarm

From aft- + arm.

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after

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep Proto-Indo-European *-o Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó Proto-Indo-European *-teros Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep(o)teros Proto-Germanic *after Old English æfter Middle English after Engli

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after-

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afters

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aftosa

From Spanish aftosa (“aphthous”).

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afty

Diminutive + -y.

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afuera

From Spanish afuera, the English definition originates from a video where Javier Milei removes the names of government agencies off a board.

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ag

Clipping of agriculture or agricultural.

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ag man

Borrowed from Afrikaans ag man.

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ag-

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd Proto-Italic *ad Proto-Italic *ad- Latin ad-bor. English ad- English ag- Assimilated form of ad- before g. From Latin ad-.

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again

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁én Proto-Germanic *in Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-der. Proto-Germanic *ganganąder.? Proto-Germanic *gagin Proto-Germanic *in gagin Proto-West Germanic *in gagin Old English onġēan Mi

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again-

From Middle English agen-, ayen-, from Old English ongēan- (“towards, opposite, against, back, again, anew”). More at again.

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agal

Borrowed from Arabic عِقَال (ʕiqāl).

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agalma

From Ancient Greek ἄγαλμα (ágalma).

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agama

Borrowed from Sranan Tongo agama (“lizard”), borrowed from a Gbe language. Compare Ewe agama (“chameleon”).

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agami

From French agami, from Kari'na akami.

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agamic

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *né Proto-Indo-European *n̥- Proto-Hellenic *ə- Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)der. English a- English gam Proto-Indo-European *-ikos Proto-Italic *-ikos Latin -icuslbor. Old French -iquebor. Mid

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agamy

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄγαμος (ágamos, “unmarried, single (of men)”). From a- (“not”) + -gamy (“marriage”).

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agape

From a- + gape. First known use by John Milton in Paradise Lost (1667).

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agar

From Malay agar (“jelly”) or agar-agar.

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agaric

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-der. Ancient Greek Ἁγαρία (Hagaría) Ancient Greek ἀγαρικόν (agarikón)der. Latin agaricumlbor. English agaric From Latin agaricum, from Ancient Greek ἀγαρικόν (agarikón, “a tree fu

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

agarin

From agaric + -in.

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agasp

From a- + gasp.

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agassi

Borrowed from Korean 아가씨 (agassi).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

agate

From Middle French agathe, from Latin achatēs, from Ancient Greek ἀχάτης (akhátēs, “agate”).

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agaty

From agate + -y.

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agave

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἀγαυή (Agauḗ, “Agave”), from ἀγαυός (agauós, “noble, illustrious”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

agaze

From a- (“to”) + gaze (“look at something intently”).

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agazed

Related to aghast and agaze.

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agbada

Borrowed from Yoruba agbádá.

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agbero

Borrowed from Yoruba agbèrò.

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age

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- Proto-Indo-European *-u Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu Proto-Indo-European *-wom Proto-Indo-European *h₂oywom Proto-Italic *aiwom Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-ts

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agedly

Etymology tree English aged Middle English -ly English -ly English agedly From aged + -ly.

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agee

From a- + gee. A preposition of state + gee (“to move to one side”), from gee or jee, a call to a horse to move to one side.

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ageest

From Middle English ageasten. Used at the turn of the 19th century.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

ageful

From age + -ful.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

ageism

From age + -ism. Coined by American academic Robert N. Butler in 1969.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

ageist

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

agen

Variant of again.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

agency

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti Proto-Italic *agō Latin agō Latin agēns Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós Proto-Italic *-ijos Proto-Italic *-ios Old Latin -ios

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

agenda

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti Proto-Italic *agō Latin agō Latin agendader. English agenda From Latin agenda (“things that ought to be done”), future pass

2 source sections · 4 relationship mentions

agent

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti Proto-Italic *agō Latin agō Latin agēnsder. English agent From Latin agēns, present active participle of agere (“to drive,

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

ager

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

agest

Etymology tree Vulgar Latin *aetāticum Old French eagebor. Middle English age English age Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési Proto-Germanic *-ōsi Proto-West Germanic *-ōs Old English -ast Middle English -est English -est Engl

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

ageth

age + -eth

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

ageym

From Old English ongegn (“towards, opposite, against”), equivalent to a- + gyem (dialectal phonological development of "again/again’st"). Preserved in Northern English and Geordie dialects as agyem, reflecting regional v

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions

agger

From Middle English agger (“heap, pile”), from Latin agger (“earthwork, rubble, rampart”), from ad- (“toward, towards”) + gerere (“to carry”).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

aggest

From Latin aggestus, past participle of aggerere. See agger.

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

aggie

From agate + -ie.

2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions

aggro

From a clipping of aggravation + -o (diminutive suffix), influenced by aggressive.

3 source sections · 3 relationship mentions · brief record

aggry

From Hindi कौड़ी (kauṛī, “cowrie”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

aggy

From a clipping of aggressive, aggravating, or aggravated, combined with -y. .

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

agha

From Ottoman Turkish آغا (aghā, agha) (Turkish ağa ).

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

aghast

From Middle English agast, agasted, past participle of agasten (“to terrify”), from Old English a- (compare with Gothic 𐌿𐍃- (us-), German er-, originally meaning "out") + gæstan (“to terrify, torment”): compare Gothic

1 source section · 6 relationship mentions

agiary

Borrowed from Gujarati અગિયારી (agiyārī).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

agible

Compare Latin agibilis, from Latin agere to move, do. See agent.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

agile

From earlier agil, borrowed from Latin agilis (“agile, nimble”), from agō (“do, act; move”). See agent.

1 source section · 2 relationship mentions

agin

From Scots agin, variant form of again (“against”).

1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief record

aging

By surface analysis, age + -ing.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

agio

Borrowed from Italian aggio.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

agism

From age + -ism.

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

agist

From Anglo-Norman agister (“to pasture for a fee”).

1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief record

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These source reports extend Wiktionary’s work through Kaikki / Wiktextract, with attribution and visible extraction limits. A relationship mentioned in a source is not automatically the immediate parent of a word. Newly written research analyses cite their own references. The reviewed graph has a separate evidence contract and counter.

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