Etymology of after

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology

Original entry ↗

conj

Signifies that the action of the clause it starts takes place before the action of the other clause.

adv

Behind; later in time; following.

noun

Of before-and-after images: the one that shows the difference after a specified treatment.

prep

Subsequently to; following in time; later than. · Subsequently to and as a result of. · Subsequently to and considering. · Subsequently to and in spite of.

adj

Later; second (of two); next, following, subsequent · At or towards the stern of a ship or the rear of an aircraft.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep Proto-Indo-European *-o Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó Proto-Indo-European *-teros Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep(o)teros Proto-Germanic *after Old English æfter Middle English after English after From Middle English after, from Old English æfter, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar, from Proto-Germanic *after, *aftiri, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epoteros (“further behind, further away”), from *h₂epo (“off, away”). Cognate with Scots efter (“after”), North Frisian efter (“after, behind”), West Frisian after, achter, efter (“behind; after”), Low German and Dutch achter (“behind”), German after- (“after-”), Danish and Swedish efter (“after”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk etter (“after”), Faroese and Icelandic eftir (“after”). The Irish usage to indicate recent completion of an activity is a calque of the Irish collocation Táim tar éis... (“I have just...”, literally “I am after...”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inherited-form mentionafterenm
Inherited-form mentionæfterang
Inherited-form mention*aftargmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*aftergem-pro
Inherited-form mention*h₂epoine-pro · further behind, further away
Cognate mentioneftersco · after
Cognate mentionefterfrr · after, behind
Cognate mentionafterfy
Cognate mentionafter-de · after-

This page abbreviates 10 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:after",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep(o)teros\nProto-Germanic *after\nOld English æfter\nMiddle English after\nEnglish after\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*after\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"æfter\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"after\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"after\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"after\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "after"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English after"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "æfter"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English æfter"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*aftar"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *aftar"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*after"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *after"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂epo",
        "4": "*h₂epoteros",
        "t": "further behind, further away"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epoteros (“further behind, further away”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "efter",
        "t": "after"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots efter (“after”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "frr",
        "2": "efter",
        "t": "after, behind"
      },
      "expansion": "North Frisian efter (“after, behind”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "after"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian after"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds,nl",
        "2": "achter",
        "t": "behind"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German and Dutch achter (“behind”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "after-",
        "t": "after-"
      },
      "expansion": "German after- (“after-”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da,sv",
        "2": "efter",
        "t": "after"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish and Swedish efter (“after”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nb,nn",
        "2": "etter",
        "t": "after"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk etter (“after”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fo,is",
        "2": "eftir",
        "t": "after"
      },
      "expansion": "Faroese and Icelandic eftir (“after”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:after",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep(o)teros\nProto-Germanic *after\nOld English æfter\nMiddle English after\nEnglish after"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*h₂ep",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep"
    ],
    [
      "*-o",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-o"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂epó",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epó"
    ],
    [
      "*-teros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂ep(o)teros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep(o)teros"
    ],
    [
      "*after",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/after"
    ],
    [
      "æfter",
      "æfter#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "after",
      "after#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "after",
      "after#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "æfter",
      "æfter#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*aftar",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/aftar"
    ],
    [
      "*after",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/after"
    ],
    [
      "*aftiri",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aftiri"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂epoteros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epo"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂epo",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epo"
    ],
    [
      "efter",
      "efter#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "efter",
      "efter#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "after",
      "after#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "achter",
      "achter#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "efter",
      "efter#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "Low German",
      "achter#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "achter",
      "achter#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "after-",
      "after-#German"
    ],
    [
      "Danish",
      "efter#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "efter",
      "efter#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "etter#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "etter",
      "etter#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "Faroese",
      "eftir#Faroese"
    ],
    [
      "eftir",
      "eftir#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "tar éis",
      "tar éis#Irish"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "conj",
      "glosses": [
        "Signifies that the action of the clause it starts takes place before the action of the other clause."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "2d38e982c172461cd64aada399a1ff64ee8c7cddc57c9b0554275acba2f93921",
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 13063
    },
    {
      "pos": "adv",
      "glosses": [
        "Behind; later in time; following."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "recordId": "2d3ae9d05811356b3a83f321582a746ea18171675f7366f67fbcfe44a371c5ca",
      "rawRecordSha256": "8d7a61a66a0e2e67c485d4c6374e543fc56ead78a7b5e4e8bede6815cfaddb0b",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 13061
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Of before-and-after images: the one that shows the difference after a specified treatment."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "56bbd68b98a458a549484d9d4104132ab6dff3cd93890358a0f256283e85ee30",
      "rawRecordSha256": "3476c929d1a6776e443469b19908c1a3677d87935128d9c0ab57a382b9f351c1",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 13065
    },
    {
      "pos": "prep",
      "glosses": [
        "Subsequently to; following in time; later than.",
        "Subsequently to and as a result of.",
        "Subsequently to and considering.",
        "Subsequently to and in spite of."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "a8745a851ca9733f7544272c7d6de19439add61f1ed9dcdf2cc62d468fa7cfc9",
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 13062
    },
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Later; second (of two); next, following, subsequent",
        "At or towards the stern of a ship or the rear of an aircraft."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dated"
      ],
      "recordId": "d1a84e2b28c1793e8d341fb6b3d6f4fa7de6df5dcc8a45b4817b9e04ea2f4ece",
      "rawRecordSha256": "89f3b72efef7faa5c0bad97c083221e46dd43e37aa22c7dc9c4879e3d6a210eb",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 13064
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 10,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

The source etymologies

Unnumbered source etymology

Relationships mentioned by the source

Where this record stops

Source and snapshot