dosh
Unknown. Possibly a combination of dough and cash.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordThe English source dictionary · partial corpus coverage
English word origins · page 107
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Page 107 of 180dosha
From Sanskrit दोष (doṣa).
2 source sections · 2 relationship mentions · brief recorddoss
Perhaps from Latin dorsum (“the back”), i.e. what one lies on when sleeping; perhaps from English dialect doss (“a hassock”).
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdost
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁t Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti Proto-Germanic *dōną Proto-West Germanic *dōn Old English dōn Middle English don English
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdot
From Middle English *dot, dotte, from Old English dott (“a dot, point”), from Proto-West Germanic *dott, from Proto-Germanic *duttaz (“wisp”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Dot, Dotte (“a clump”), Dutch dot (“lump, knot
1 source section · 8 relationship mentionsdotal
From Latin dotalis, from dos, dotis (“dowry”). Compare French dotal. See dot (“dowry”).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdote
The verb is derived from Middle English doten, from Middle Low German doten (“to be foolish”) or Middle Dutch doten (“to be silly”). Doublet of doit (Scottish English). The noun in the sense of "imbecile" is derived from
3 source sections · 10 relationship mentionsdotel
From dote + -el (agent suffix). Compare doter.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddoter
Etymology tree English dote Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-os? Proto-Indo-European *-o- Proto-Indo-European *-so- Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂so- Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós P
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdotty
See dote, or compare totty (“unsteady, dizzy”).
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentionsdoty
Etymology tree English dote Proto-Germanic *-j-, *-ij- Proto-West Germanic *-i, *-ī Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English doty From dote + -y.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdouar
Borrowed from French douar, from Arabic دَوّار (dawwār).
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdoubt
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ Proto-Indo-European *dwi- Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- Proto-Italic *du(i)βwos Latin *dubosdenom. Latin dubō Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Italic *-tos Latin -tus Proto-Indo-Euro
1 source section · 15 relationship mentionsdouc
Borrowed from Muong dộc, probably via French.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddouce
From Middle English douce, from Old French dolz, dous, Middle French doux, douce, from Latin dulcis (“sweet”). Doublet of dolce, doux, and dulce.
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsdoudu
From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 兜肚 (dōudù, “literally [item] covering the belly”).
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddouen
Perhaps related to duende.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddoufu
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 豆腐 (dòufu). Doublet of tofu and dubu.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdough
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- Proto-Indo-European *-os Proto-Indo-European *dʰóyǵʰos Proto-Germanic *daigaz Proto-West Germanic *daig Old English dāg Middle English dogh English dough From Middle English do
1 source section · 15 relationship mentionsdouit
From Guernsey Norman douit, from Anglo-Norman duit, from Old French duit, from Latin ductum. Doublet of duct.
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsdoula
Borrowed from Greek δούλα (doúla, “servant-woman”), from Ancient Greek δούλη (doúlē, “female slave”). Popularized by the American anthropologist Dana Raphael in the book The Tender Gift: Breastfeeding (1973), where the w
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdoum
From Moroccan Arabic دوم (dūm), via French.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddour
Borrowed from Scots dour, possibly from Latin dūrus (“hard, stern”), via Middle Irish dúr. Compare French dur, Catalan dur, Italian duro, Portuguese duro, Romanian dur, Spanish duro. Doublet of dure.
1 source section · 10 relationship mentionsdouse
Probably of North Germanic origin, related to Swedish dunsa (“to plumb down, fall clumsily”), Danish dunse (“to thump”). Compare Old English dwǣsċan (“to extinguish”) and douse below.
2 source sections · 8 relationship mentionsdout
From Middle English doute (“doubt”). More at doubt.
2 source sections · 3 relationship mentionsdouth
From Middle English douthe, douth, duweðe (“body of retainers, people, might, dignity, worth”), from Old English duguþ (“manhood, host, multitude, troops”), from Proto-West Germanic *dugunþu, *dugunþi, from Proto-Germani
1 source section · 12 relationship mentionsdoux
Borrowed from French doux. Doublet of douce, dolce, and dulce.
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsdove
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-der.? Proto-Germanic *dūbaną? Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ Proto-West Germanic *dūbā Old English *dūfe Middle English douve English dove From Middle English douve, dove, duve, from Old
2 source sections · 19 relationship mentionsdoven
From dove + -en.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddovie
dove + -ie
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddow
From Middle English douen, from Old English dugan, from Proto-West Germanic *dugan, from Proto-Germanic *duganą.
2 source sections · 8 relationship mentionsdowd
Back-formation from dowdy.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddowdy
First appears c. 1581. Origin uncertain, probably literally "little poorly dressed woman," formed from doue, "poorly dressed woman". Possibly also related to the Scots dow, meaning to "fade".
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdowel
From Middle English dowle, dule, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old French doelle (“the hollow part of a tool where the handle is”), from Frankish *duli (“hollow tube, pipe”), from Proto-Germanic *dulją (“pipe”), from
1 source section · 10 relationship mentionsdower
From Middle English dower, dowere, from Old French doeire, from Medieval Latin dōtārium, from Latin dōs. Doublet of dowry.
2 source sections · 6 relationship mentionsdowf
From Middle English [Term?], from Old Norse daufr (“deaf”) (whence also Icelandic daufur (“deaf, dull”)), from Proto-Germanic *daubaz (“deaf”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰūbʰ-, *dʰūp- (“to smoke”). Doublet of daff, deaf
1 source section · 7 relationship mentionsdowie
From Scots dowie, apparently a form of dull + -ly.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddowle
Compare Old French douille (“soft”), and English ductile.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddown
Etymology tree Old English of- Proto-Germanic *dūnaz? Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-nós Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-nós? Proto-Celtic *dūnomder.? Proto-West Germanic *dūnā Old English dūne Old English o
3 source sections · 26 relationship mentionsdown-
From Middle English down-, doun-, dun-, from Old English dūne- (“down-”), from dūne (“down, downward”). More at down.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdowny
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-nós Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂nós Proto-Germanic *dūnaz Old Norse dúnnbor. Middle English doun English down Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdowra
From Hindi [Term?].
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddowry
From Middle English dowarye, dowerie, from Anglo-Norman dowarie, douarie, from Old French douaire, from Medieval Latin dōtārium, from Latin dōs. Doublet of dower.
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsdowse
Unknown; originally a dialectal term from southern England.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddox
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti Proto-Indo-European *doḱ-éye-ti Proto-Italic *dokejō Proto-Italic *dokeō Ancient Greek διδάσκω (didáskō)sl. Latin doceō Prot
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdoxa
Borrowed from Ancient Greek δόξα (dóxa).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddoxx
A phonetic respelling of docs, which is a clipped form of documents.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddoxy
Perhaps from Middle Dutch *doketje, diminutive of Middle Dutch docke (“a doll”), from Proto-Germanic *dokko (“something round”), related to *dukkǭ (“muscle, strength”). Cognate with Low German dokke (“doll”), Saterland F
5 source sections · 8 relationship mentionsdoy
Unknown. Possibly related to doylem (“a stupid person; an idiot”).
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddoyen
Borrowed from French doyen, from Late Latin decānus, from Latin decem. Compare the doublet dean.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdoze
From Middle English *dosen, from Old Norse dúsa (“to doze, rest, remain quiet”), from Proto-Germanic *dusāną (“to be dizzy”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (“to fly, whirl”), from *dʰew- (“to fly, shake, reek, steam,
2 source sections · 13 relationship mentionsdozen
From Middle English dozen, dozein, doseyne, from Old French dozaine (“a group of twelve”) (Modern French douzaine), from doze (“twelve”) + -aine (“-ish”), from Latin duodecim (“twelve”) (from duo (“two”) + decem (“ten”))
2 source sections · 3 relationship mentionsdozer
From doze + -er.
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddozy
Etymology tree English doze Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English dozy From doze + -y.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdoïng
From do + -ïng.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrab
Probably from Middle French and Old French drap (“cloth”), either: * from Late Latin drappus (“drabcloth, kerchief; piece of cloth”), most likely from Gaulish *drappo, from Proto-Indo-European *drep- (“to scratch, tear”)
6 source sections · 22 relationship mentionsdrabi
From driver.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrac
Clipping of draco.
2 source sections · 2 relationship mentionsdraff
From Middle English draf, likely from an unrecorded Old English *dræf, from Proto-Germanic *drabaz.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdraft
A phonetic spelling of draught (compare laughter), from Middle English draught, draght (“that which is pulled; that which is drawn up, a design”), from Old English *dreaht, *dræht, from Proto-West Germanic *drahti, *drah
1 source section · 8 relationship mentionsdrag
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- Proto-Indo-European *dʰrógʰ-e-ti Proto-Germanic *draganą Proto-West Germanic *dragan Old English dragan Middle English dragen Middle English draggen Low German draggeinflu. Eng
3 source sections · 15 relationship mentionsdrail
From Middle English *drailen (attested as drailed), a variant of Middle English trailen (“to hang loosely, drag along, drag away”), from a merger of Old French trailer, traillier (“to trail”) and Old English trǣġlian, tr
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsdrain
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-der. Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-der. Proto-Germanic *draugiz Proto-Germanic *drauhnōną Proto-West Germanic *drauhnōn Old English drēahnian Middle English *dreinen English drain
2 source sections · 6 relationship mentionsdrake
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts Proto-Germanic *anadz Proto-West Germanic *anad Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs Proto-Germanic *rekô Proto-West Germanic *rekō
2 source sections · 20 relationship mentionsdram
Inherited from Middle English dragme /dramme, from Old French dragme, from Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ, “unit of weight; a handful”). Doublet of drachma, diram, dirham, dirhe
3 source sections · 21 relationship mentionsdrama
From Late Latin drāma, from Ancient Greek δρᾶμα (drâma, “an act, a theatrical act, a play”), from δράω (dráō, “to act, to take action, to achieve”). Doublet of dorama.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdrank
Pronunciation spelling of drink.
2 source sections · 3 relationship mentionsdrant
From Scots drant, draunt (“droning or drawling tone”), borrowed from Scottish Gaelic dranndan, draundan (“hum, buzzing, complaint, growl, snarl”), akin to Irish drantán (“hum, buzzing, growl”).
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdrap
Borrowed from French drap.
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrapa
Borrowed from Old Norse drápa.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrape
From Middle English drape (“a drape”, noun), from Old French draper (“to drape; to full cloth”), from drap (“cloth, drabcloth”), from Late Latin drappus, drapus (“drabcloth, kerchief”), a word first recorded in the Capit
1 source section · 10 relationship mentionsdrash
Borrowed from Hebrew or Aramaic דְּרַשׁ.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddrat
An aphetism of od-rat (“God rot”) as a minced oath.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddraw
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- Proto-Indo-European *dʰrógʰ-e-ti Proto-Germanic *draganą Proto-West Germanic *dragan Old English dragan Middle English drawen English draw The verb is derived from Middle Engli
1 source section · 30 relationship mentionsdrawk
From Middle English drauke. Possibly from Middle Welsh drewc (“darnel”), in which case related to Gaulish *drāyāka or Latin dravoca. Compare also Dutch dravik.
2 source sections · 5 relationship mentionsdrawl
From a modern frequentative form of draw, equivalent to draw + -le. Compare draggle. Compare also Dutch dralen (“to drag out, delay, linger, tarry, dawdle”), Old Danish dravle (“to linger, loiter”), Icelandic dralla (“to
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdrawn
Morphologically draw + -n.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddraws
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddray
From Middle English draye, dreye, from Old English dræġe (“dragnet”), from Proto-Germanic *dragǭ. Cognate with Middle Low German drāge (“stretcher; dray”), Middle High German trage (“a litter”). Related to Old English dr
2 source sections · 6 relationship mentionsdread
From Middle English dreden, from Old English drǣdan (“to fear, dread”), aphetic form of ondrǣdan (“to fear, dread”), from Proto-West Germanic *andarādan, equivalent to Old English and- + rǣdan (whence read); correspondin
3 source sections · 12 relationship mentionsdream
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- Proto-Indo-European *-mos Proto-Germanic *draumaz Proto-West Germanic *draum Old English drēam Middle English drem English dream From Middle English dream, dreem, dreeme, drem
1 source section · 55 relationship mentionsdrear
Shortening of dreary.
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddreck
From Yiddish דרעק (drek, “dirt, crap”), from Middle High German drek, from Old High German *threc (in mūsthrec), from Proto-West Germanic *þraki, from Proto-Germanic *þrakjaz. Compare Cimbrian drèkh (“excrement, manure”)
1 source section · 9 relationship mentionsdree
Probably partly borrowed from Scots dree, and partly derived from its etymon Middle English dreen, dreghen, dreogen, drien, from Old English drēogan, from Proto-West Germanic *dreugan, from Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to
4 source sections · 21 relationship mentionsdreep
Borrowed from Scots dreep.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddreg
Borrowed from Old Norse dregg (“sediment”), from Proto-Germanic *dragjō (whence also Icelandic dregg, Swedish drägg), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrā́ks (“sediment”); see also Latin fraces (“lees of oil”), Albanian ndrag
1 source section · 7 relationship mentionsdregs
See dreg.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddreng
Probably borrowed from Medieval Latin drengus, from Middle English dreng (“warrior, retainer”) or its source, Old English drenġ (“warrior, soldier”), from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz, cogn
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsdress
PIE word *dwís Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ ▲ Proto-Indo-European *trísinflu. Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is- Proto-Italic *dis- Latin dīs- Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-Europ
2 source sections · 8 relationship mentionsdreve
From Middle English dreven (also droven), from Old English drēfan, *drōfian (“to trouble, vex, agitate, disturb the mind of”), from Proto-Germanic *drōbijaną (“to disturb, excite, make muddy”), from Proto-Indo-European *
1 source section · 8 relationship mentionsdrey
Unknown.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrib
From dialectal English drib (compare also drub), a variant from Middle English drepen (“to hit, strike, slay”), from Old English drepan (“to strike, kill, overcome”), from Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to hit, strike”).
2 source sections · 3 relationship mentionsdrier
From Middle English driere, dreyere (“one who dries”), equivalent to dry + -er (agent noun suffix).
2 source sections · 1 relationship mentiondrift
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ-der. Proto-Germanic *drībaną Proto-Indo-European *-tis Proto-Germanic *-þiz Proto-Germanic *driftiz Old English *drift Middle English drift English drift From Middle English dr
1 source section · 11 relationship mentionsdrill
From Middle Dutch drillen (“bore, move in a circle”).
6 source sections · 4 relationship mentionsdring
Dialectal variant of thring.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrink
Inherited from Middle English drynken, drinken, from Old English drincan (“to drink, swallow up, engulf”), from Proto-West Germanic *drinkan, from Proto-Germanic *drinkaną (“to drink”), of uncertain origin; possibly from
2 source sections · 39 relationship mentionsdrins
From the letters drin concluding the name of each compound + -s.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrip
From Middle English drippen, druppen, from Old English drypan, from Proto-Germanic *drupjaną (“to fall in drops, drip”), from Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop”). Akin to West Frisian drippe (“to drip”), Dutch druipen, druppe
3 source sections · 13 relationship mentionsdrite
From Middle English driten, from Old English *drītan, from Proto-West Germanic *drītan, from Proto-Germanic *drītaną. Cognate with Dutch drijten, Old Norse dríta, Norwegian drite, and Low German drieten; compare English
1 source section · 11 relationship mentionsdrive
From Middle English dryven, from Old English drīfan (“to drive, force, move”), from Proto-West Germanic *drīban, from Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”). Cognates
2 source sections · 40 relationship mentionsdro
Clipping of hydroponic.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrock
Compare droke, drook.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddroff
From Middle English drof (“turbid, troubled”), from Old English drōf (“dreggy; dirty; troubled”). Cognate with Dutch droef (“sad; miserable”), German trüb (“turbid; dim; sad”) (English trub).
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsdroid
Clipping of android (“robot designed to look and act like a human being”). Coined by the American science fiction author Mari Wolf (born 1926) in the story “Robots of the World! Arise!” (1952), and popularized by the fil
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdroil
From Dutch druil (“sluggard”). Compare droll.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddroit
From French droit. Doublet of direct.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief recorddroke
As a term for a valley with a stream, or a stream itself, found in various dialects as droke, drock, or drook; in various dialects one or more of those words can also denote other clefts, coves, drainage ditches, and fur
1 source section · 1 relationship mentiondroll
From French drôle (“comical, odd, funny”), from drôle (“buffoon”) from Middle French drolle (“a merry fellow, pleasant rascal”) from Old French drolle (“one who lives luxuriously”), from Middle Dutch drol (“fat little ma
1 source section · 7 relationship mentionsdrome
From French, from Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “running”). Doublet of dromos.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdrone
From Middle English drane, dron, drone, from Old English drān, drǣn, from Proto-West Germanic *drānu, from Proto-Germanic *drenô, *drēnuz (“drone”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₁n- (“bee, drone, hornet”). Cognates Cog
3 source sections · 47 relationship mentionsdrony
From drone + -y.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddroog
From Russian друг (drug, “friend”), in which sense it is used in the invented slang Nadsat in Anthony Burgess's dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange (1962).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdrool
From earlier drule, apparently a corruption of drivel (compare snool from snivel). Compare also Middle English drullen (“to stagger, drool”), Dutch druilen (“to be listless, snooze”).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdroop
Inherited from Middle English droupen, from Old Norse drúpa (“to droop”), from Proto-Germanic *drūpaną, *drupōną (“to hang down, drip, drop”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to drip, drop”). Doublet of drip and drop
1 source section · 6 relationship mentionsdrop
From Late Middle English droppe, Middle English drope (“small quantity of liquid; small or least amount of something; pendant jewel; dripping of a liquid; a shower; nasal flow, catarrh; speck, spot; blemish; disease caus
2 source sections · 29 relationship mentionsdross
From Middle English drosse, dros, from Old English drōs, from Proto-Germanic *drōhs (“dregs, sediment”). Also compare Old English drōsna, drōsne (“a ground, sediment, lees, dregs, dirt, ear wax”), from Proto-Germanic *dr
1 source section · 11 relationship mentionsdrott
From the name of the Drott Manufacturing Company, founded by Edward Drott in 1916.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrove
From Middle English drove, drof, draf, from Old English drāf (“action of driving; a driving out, expulsion; drove, herd, band; company, band; road along which cattle are driven”), from Proto-Germanic *draibō (“a drive, p
2 source sections · 11 relationship mentionsdrow
From Shetlandic and Orcadian Scots drow, from Norn *drou, *drau (compare 18th c. Norwegian drau, modern drov, drauv), alternatively *drog, from Old Norse draugr (“malevolent revenant”); along the variation trow, intermix
1 source section · 6 relationship mentionsdrown
From Middle English drownen, drounen, drunen (“to drown”), of obscure and uncertain origin. The OED suggests an unattested Old English form *drūnian. Harper 2001 points to Old English druncnian, ġedruncnian (> Middle Eng
1 source section · 6 relationship mentionsdrub
From Middle English *drob, drof, from Old English *drōb, drōf (“turbid; dreggy; dirty”), from Proto-West Germanic *drōbī, from Proto-Germanic *drōbuz (“turbid”).
2 source sections · 14 relationship mentionsdrug
From Middle English drogge (“medicine”), from Middle French drogue, drocque (“tincture, pharmaceutical product”) (c. 1462), from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German droge, as in droge vate (“dry vats, dry barrels”), mistak
3 source sections · 26 relationship mentionsdruid
Borrowed from French druide, from Old French, via Latin Druidae, from Gaulish *druwits, from Proto-Celtic *druwits (literally either “oak-knower” or “firm knower, great sage”), from either Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tre
1 source section · 11 relationship mentionsdruj
Transliteration of Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘 (druj).
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddrum
Perhaps back-formation from drumslade (“drummer”), from Middle Dutch trommelslach (“drumbeat”), from trommel (“drum”) + slach (“beat”) (Dutch slag). Or perhaps borrowed directly from a continental Germanic language; comp
5 source sections · 14 relationship mentionsdrunk
From Middle English drunke, drunken, ydrunke, ydrunken, from Old English druncen, ġedruncen (“drunk”), from Proto-Germanic *drunkanaz, *gadrunkanaz (“drunk; drunken”), past participle of Proto-Germanic *drinkaną (“to dri
2 source sections · 20 relationship mentionsdrupe
Scientific Latin, from Latin drūpa (“wrinkled olive”), from Ancient Greek δρύππᾱ (drúppā).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdrury
From Old French druerie, droerie (“love, friendship”) et al., from dru (“friend”).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddruse
Borrowed via French from German Druse (“crystallized piece of ore”); compare dross.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddrusy
Etymology tree English druse Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English drusy From druse + -y.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdruxy
From drix (rotten part of wood) [Term?] + -y (the forms drixy, droxy and drucksy occur in various dialects), of unclear origin. The adjective is attested since at least the 1580s, in The Arte of English Poesie. One early
1 source section · 1 relationship mentiondry
Adjective and noun from Middle English drye, dryge, drüȝe, from Old English drȳġe (“dry; parched, withered”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgī, *draugī, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz, *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from Proto-Indo
2 source sections · 48 relationship mentionsdryad
From Old French driade (“wood nymph”), from Latin Dryas, Dryadis, from Ancient Greek Δρυάς (Druás, “dryad”), from δρῦς (drûs, “oak”), from Proto-Indo-European *derew(o)- (“tree, wood”); cf. Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tr
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsdryas
Borrowed from translingual Dryas for the plants, from both Latin Dryas and Ancient Greek Δρῠᾰ́ς (Drŭắs), derived from δρῦς (drûs, “tree, oak”). The second definition comes from the large quantity of pollen from the plant
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdryer
From Middle English driere, dreyere (“one who dries”), equivalent to dry + -er (agent noun suffix).
2 source sections · 3 relationship mentionsdryly
Etymology tree English dry Proto-Indo-European *leyg-der. Proto-Germanic *līkąder. Proto-Germanic *-līkaz Proto-Germanic *-ê Proto-Germanic *-līkê Proto-West Germanic *-līkē Old English -līċe Middle English -ly English -
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdrynx
Blend of dragon + lynx.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief recorddryth
From dry + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Doublet of drought.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddu'a'
From Arabic دُعَاء (duʕāʔ, “supplication”), from دَعَا (daʕā, “to summon”).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsduad
From duo- + -ad.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief recorddual
PIE word *dwóh₁ Borrowed from Latin dualis (“two”), from duo (“two”) + adjective suffix -alis.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recordduan
From Irish and Scottish Gaelic duan, from Middle Irish dúan, from Proto-Indo-European *dh₂p-no- (compare Old Armenian տաւն (tawn, “feast, celebration”), Ancient Greek δαπάνη (dapánē, “cost”), Old Norse tafn (“sacrificial
1 source section · 7 relationship mentionsduang
From Thai ดวง (duuang).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recordduar
Representing a colloquial pronunciation of Arabic دَوّار (dawwār).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsduat
Borrowed from Egyptian dwꜣt.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddub
From Middle English dubben, from Old English dubbian (“to knight by striking with a sword, dub”) from Old French adober (“to equip with arms; adorn”) (also 11th century, Modern French adouber), both from Proto-West Germa
7 source sections · 10 relationship mentionsdubb
From Arabic دُبّ (dubb, “bear”). The Anglicization appears only rarely or ad hoc. One Richard Pococke in 1738 reported that the dubber was seen only rarely in Egypt.
1 source section · 1 relationship mentiondubbo
Named after the outback Australian town Dubbo (cf. country bumpkin).
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddubby
From dub + -y.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddubes
From the name of the Irish shoe company, dubarry.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddubia
Borrowed from Latin dubia, plural of dubium (literally “doubt”).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddubki
From Bengali ডুবকি (ḍuboki), apparently equalling Hindi डुबकी (ḍubkī, “dive”) instead of Persian تنبک (tombak, “drum, tombak”).
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsduble
Blend of dub + ruble.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief recorddubok
Borrowed from Russian дубо́к (dubók), from дуб (dub, “oak tree”).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddubs
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
2 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddubu
Borrowed from Korean 두부(豆腐) (dubu). Doublet of tofu and doufu.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recordduc
From French duc. Doublet of doge, duce, duke, and dux.
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsducal
From Middle French ducal, from Latin ducālis. Doublet of dogal.
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsducat
From Middle French ducat, late Old French ducat, from Old Italian ducato, from Medieval Latin ducātus, from oblique stem of dux (“duke; leader”). Doublet of duchy.
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsduce
Borrowed from Italian duce. Doublet of doge, duc, duke, and dux.
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsduchy
From Middle English duche, from Anglo-Norman duché, from Old French duc, or from Medieval Latin ducātus, from Latin dux. Doublet of ducat and dogate.
1 source section · 6 relationship mentionsduck
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *dūkaną Proto-West Germanic *dūkan Old English *dūcan Middle English ducken English duck From Middle English ducken, duken, douken (“to duck, plunge under water, submerge”), from Old English
5 source sections · 37 relationship mentionsducks
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
5 source sections · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordducky
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *dūkaną Proto-West Germanic *dūkan Old English dū̆ce Middle English doke English duck Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y
4 source sections · 0 relationship mentionsduco
From a 1920s trade name for automotive lacquer.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordduct
Borrowed from Latin ductus (“leading, conducting”, noun), from dūcō (“to lead, conduct, draw”) + -tus (action noun suffix). Doublet of ductus and douit. Also via Medieval Latin ductus (“a conveyance of water; a channel”)
1 source section · 6 relationship mentionsdud
From Middle English dudde (“cloak, mantle, kind of cloth; ragged clothing or cloth”), from Old English *dudda (attested only as personal name Dudda, part of modern English Dudley), akin to Old Norse dúði (“swaddling clot
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsduddy
From dud + -y.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddude
Uncertain, though likely a clipping of doodle (“fool, simpleton, mindless person”), perhaps with reference to the fashionable “Yankee Doodle dandy” in the 18th-century lyrics of the song “Yankee Doodle”; the word is firs
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdudey
From dude + -y.
1 source section · 2 relationship mentions · brief recorddudhi
From Hindi दूधी (dūdhī), दूदी (dūdī).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddudou
From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 肚兜 (dùdōu, “literally belly cover”).
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordduduk
A recent borrowing, from Armenian դուդուկ (duduk), itself from Ottoman Turkish دودوك (düdük).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdue
From Middle English dewe, dew, due, from Old French deü (“due”), past participle of devoir (“to owe”), from Latin dēbēre (“to owe”), from dē- (“from”) + habeō (“to have”).
1 source section · 4 relationship mentionsduel
From Medieval Latin duellum (“fight between two men, duel”), itself from Old Latin duellum (“war, fight”), which survived in Classical Latin as a rare byform of bellum and was later reinterpreted as “duel” by unetymologi
1 source section · 1 relationship mentionduelo
Borrowed from Italian duello.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordduet
PIE word *dwóh₁ From Italian duetto (“short musical composition for two voices”), diminutive of due (“two”).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recordduff
Representing a northern England and Scots pronunciation of dough.
5 source sections · 2 relationship mentionsduffo
From duff + -o.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddug
From earlier dugge ("pap, teat"; compare also English dialectal ducky, dukky (“the female breast”)), apparently connected to Danish dægge (“to suckle”), Swedish dägga (“to suck”), Old English dēon (“to suckle”). More at
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsduh
Imitative, indicating stupidity by mocking the speech of an intellectually disabled person.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordduka
Etymology tree Aramaic דּוּכָּנָאbor. Arabic دُكَّان (dukkān)bor. Swahili dukabor. English duka From Swahili duka, from Arabic دُكَّان (dukkān), from Aramaic דּוּכָּנָא (dukkānā, “dais”), from Akkadian 𒆠𒍇 (/takkannu,
1 source section · 5 relationship mentionsduke
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dewk- Proto-Indo-European *-ti Proto-Indo-European *déwkti Proto-Italic *doukō Latin dūcō Proto-Indo-European *-s Latin -s Latin dux, ducemlbor. Old French ducder. English duke From Ol
1 source section · 10 relationship mentionsdukun
Borrowed from Malay dukun. Doublet of lokun.
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddulce
Either a learned borrowing from Classical Latin dulcis or an alteration of earlier douce (from Middle English douce, from Old French douz, douce) after it. Doublet of dolce, douce, and doux.
5 source sections · 7 relationship mentionsdulia
From Latin dulia, from Ancient Greek δουλεία (douleía, “slavery”), from δοῦλος (doûlos, “slave”).
1 source section · 2 relationship mentionsdulic
From dulia + -ic.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddull
From Middle English dull, dul (also dyll, dill, dwal), from Old English dol (“dull, foolish, erring, heretical; foolish, silly; presumptuous”), from Proto-West Germanic *dol, from Proto-Germanic *dulaz, from earlier *dwu
2 source sections · 13 relationship mentionsdulla
From Arabic دَوْلَة (dawla).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddully
Etymology tree English dull Middle English -ly English -ly English dully From dull + -ly.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recorddulse
Borrowed from Irish duileasc, Scottish Gaelic duileasg; compare Welsh delysg.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsduly
From Middle English duely, dewly, dulyche, dueliche, duweliche (“rightly, properly”), equivalent to due + -ly.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdum
From Hindi दम (dam).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recordduma
From Russian ду́ма (dúma, “elective legislative assembly”, originally: “thought”), from Proto-Slavic *duma (“breath, spirit; word; mind, thought; advice”). The drink is named after the legislative assembly.
1 source section · 3 relationship mentionsdumb
From Middle English dumb (“silent, speechless, mute, ineffectual”), from Old English dumb (“silent, speechless, mute, unable to speak”), from Proto-West Germanic *dumb, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz (“dull, dumb”), from Pr
3 source sections · 21 relationship mentionsdumba
Borrowed from Hindi दुम्बा (dumbā), itself from दुम्बक (dumbaka, “thick-tailed sheep”).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddumbo
Etymology tree English dumb Latin ō Old French ohbor. Middle English o English O ▲ Middle English o English oh English -o English dumbo From dumb + -o.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentionsdumka
From Ukrainian ду́мка (dúmka), diminutive of ду́ма (dúma, “sung epic poem”).
1 source section · 1 relationship mention · brief recorddummy
From dumb + -y. Pacifier sense from dummy teat where dummy is in the sense of a nonfunctional replica.
1 source section · 0 relationship mentions · brief recordJump to any dictionary page
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These source reports extend Wiktionary’s work through Kaikki / Wiktextract, with attribution and visible extraction limits. A relationship mentioned in a source is not automatically the immediate parent of a word. Newly written research analyses cite their own references. The reviewed graph has a separate evidence contract and counter.
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