Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗verb
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryTo bear or endure (something); to put up with, to suffer, to undergo. · To endure; to brook; also, to be able to do or continue.
Probably partly borrowed from Scots dree, and partly derived from its etymon Middle English dreen, dreghen, dreogen, drien, from Old English drēogan, from Proto-West Germanic *dreugan, from Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to act; to work, (specifically) to do military service”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast”). Doublet of dreich, dright, and drighten. Cognates * Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan, “to do military service”) * Icelandic drýgja (“to commit, connect, perpetrate, lengthen”) * Scots dree, drie (“to bear, endure, suffer, thole”)
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*dʰrewgʰ-ine-pro
- Borrowed-form mentiondreesco
- Inherited-form mentiondreenenm
- Inherited-form mentiondrēoganang
- Inherited-form mention*dreugangmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*dreuganągem-pro · to act; to work, (specifically) to do military service
- Inherited-form mention*dʰrewgʰ-ine-pro · to hold fast
- Doublet mentiondreichen
- Doublet mentiondrighten
- Doublet mentiondrightenen
- Cognate mention𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽got · to do military service
- Cognate mentiondrýgjais · to commit, connect, perpetrate, lengthen
- Cognate mentiondreesco
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "bor",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dree"
},
"expansion": "Scots dree"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dreen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dreen"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drēogan"
},
"expansion": "Old English drēogan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*dreugan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dreugan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to act; to work, (specifically) to do military service"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to act; to work, (specifically) to do military service”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to hold fast"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast”)"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dreich",
"3": "dright",
"4": "drighten"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of dreich, dright, and drighten"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽",
"t": "to do military service"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan, “to do military service”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drýgja",
"t": "to commit, connect, perpetrate, lengthen"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drýgja (“to commit, connect, perpetrate, lengthen”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dree"
},
"expansion": "Scots dree"
}
],
"links": [
[
"dree",
"dree#Scots"
],
[
"dreen",
"dreen#Middle_English"
],
[
"dreghen",
"dreghen#Middle_English"
],
[
"dreogen",
"dreogen#Middle_English"
],
[
"drien",
"drien#Middle_English"
],
[
"drēogan",
"dreogan#Old_English"
],
[
"*dreugan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dreugan"
],
[
"*dreuganą",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreuganą"
],
[
"*dʰrewgʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-"
],
[
"dreich",
"dreich#English"
],
[
"dright",
"dright#English"
],
[
"drighten",
"drighten#English"
],
[
"𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽",
"𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽#Gothic"
],
[
"drýgja",
"drýgja#Icelandic"
],
[
"dree",
"dree#Scots"
],
[
"drie",
"drie#Scots"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To bear or endure (something); to put up with, to suffer, to undergo.",
"To endure; to brook; also, to be able to do or continue."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland",
"transitive",
"intransitive"
],
"recordId": "ee5053986859d86032d1e20a91157733466d46877df237e0adbcf4c74c3c900e",
"rawRecordSha256": "340ffdb92f387c4d0b6a481c6c54d223b8ca8fff3cd5b61da602185cef2eb364",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 494446
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}