Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗verb
To hit or beat with the fists. · To give cash to; to give a tip to. · To perform the duties of, or rule over as, a duke.
noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryThe male ruler of a duchy (female equivalent: duchess). · The sovereign of a small state. · A high title of nobility; the male holder of a dukedom. · A grand duke.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dewk- Proto-Indo-European *-ti Proto-Indo-European *déwkti Proto-Italic *doukō Latin dūcō Proto-Indo-European *-s Latin -s Latin dux, ducemlbor. Old French ducder. English duke From Old French duc, through Middle English duk, duke, from Latin dux, ducis. Displaced native Old English heretoga. Was present as duc in late Old English, from the same Latin source. Doublet of doge, duc, duce, and dux. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-, which is also the source of the second component in German Herzog. The “fist” sense is thought to be Cockney rhyming slang where “Duke(s) of York” = fork. Fork is itself Cockney slang for hand, and thus fist.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 2 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
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"name": "root",
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewk-"
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},
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"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "duc"
},
"expansion": "Old French duc"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "duk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English duk"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "dux",
"4": "dux, ducis"
},
"expansion": "Latin dux, ducis"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "heretoga"
},
"expansion": "Old English heretoga"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old English"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "doge",
"3": "duc",
"4": "duce",
"5": "dux"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of doge, duc, duce, and dux"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewk-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewk-"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Herzog"
},
"expansion": "German Herzog"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":der",
"3": "fro:duc",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dewk-\nProto-Indo-European *-ti\nProto-Indo-European *déwkti\nProto-Italic *doukō\nLatin dūcō\nProto-Indo-European *-s\nLatin -s\nLatin dux, ducemlbor.\nOld French ducder.\nEnglish duke"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*dewk-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dewk-#Proto-Indo-European:_to_pull"
],
[
"*-ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ti#Proto-Indo-European:_verb"
],
[
"*déwkti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/déwkti#Proto-Indo-European:_to_pull"
],
[
"*doukō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/doukō#Proto-Italic:_to_lead"
],
[
"dūcō",
"duco#Latin"
],
[
"*-s",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-s#Proto-Indo-European:_amphikinetic"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Latin"
],
[
"dux, ducem",
"dux#Latin"
],
[
"duc",
"duc#Old_French"
],
[
"duc",
"duc#Old_French"
],
[
"duk",
"duk#Middle_English"
],
[
"duke",
"duke#Middle_English"
],
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],
[
"heretoga",
"heretoga#Old_English"
],
[
"duc",
"duc#Old_English"
],
[
"doge",
"doge#English"
],
[
"duc",
"duc#English"
],
[
"duce",
"duce#English"
],
[
"dux",
"dux#English"
],
[
"*dewk-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dewk-"
],
[
"Herzog",
"Herzog#German"
],
[
"Cockney rhyming slang",
"Cockney rhyming slang"
],
[
"Fork",
"fork#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To hit or beat with the fists.",
"To give cash to; to give a tip to.",
"To perform the duties of, or rule over as, a duke."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"transitive",
"slang"
],
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{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"The male ruler of a duchy (female equivalent: duchess).",
"The sovereign of a small state.",
"A high title of nobility; the male holder of a dukedom.",
"A grand duke."
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