Etymology of crust

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology

Original entry ↗

verb

To cover with a crust. · To form a crust.

noun

A more solid, dense or hard layer on a surface or boundary. · The external, hardened layer of certain foodstuffs, including most types of bread, fried meat, etc. · An outer layer composed of pastry · The bread-like base of a pizza.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *krews- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *krustós Proto-Italic *krustosder. Latin crusta Anglo-Norman crustebor. Middle English cruste English crust From Middle English cruste, from Anglo-Norman and Old French cruste, from Latin crusta (“hard outer covering”), from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”). Doublet of crusta.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inherited-form mentioncrusteenm
Derivation mentioncrustefro
Derivation mentioncrustala
Derivation mention*krustósine-pro
Cognate mentionhroðrnon
Cognate mentionhruseang
Cognate mentionhrosagoh
Cognate mentionkruvesislv
Cognate mentionκρύοςgrc
Cognate mention𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-ae · hard
Cognate mentionक्रूड्sa
Doublet mentioncrustaen

This page abbreviates 8 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:cruste",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *krews-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *krustós\nProto-Italic *krustosder.\nLatin crusta\nAnglo-Norman crustebor.\nMiddle English cruste\nEnglish crust\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*krustos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*krustós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"freeze\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*krews-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"crusta\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Anglo-Norman\", \"term\" : \"cruste\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"xno\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cruste\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"crust\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"crust\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cruste"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cruste"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "cruste"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French cruste"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crusta",
        "4": "",
        "5": "hard outer covering"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crusta (“hard outer covering”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*krustós",
        "4": "",
        "5": "hardened"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hroðr",
        "3": "",
        "4": "scurf"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hruse",
        "3": "",
        "4": "earth"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hruse (“earth”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "hrosa",
        "3": "",
        "4": "crust, ice"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "kruvesis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "frozen mud"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κρύος",
        "3": "",
        "4": "frost, icy cold"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
        "t": "hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "क्रूड्",
        "3": "",
        "4": "thicken, make hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "doublet",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crusta"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of crusta"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:cruste",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *krews-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *krustós\nProto-Italic *krustosder.\nLatin crusta\nAnglo-Norman crustebor.\nMiddle English cruste\nEnglish crust"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*krews-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krews-#Proto-Indo-European:_freeze"
    ],
    [
      "*-tós",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós"
    ],
    [
      "crusta",
      "crusta#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "cruste",
      "cruste#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "cruste",
      "cruste#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "cruste",
      "cruste#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "cruste",
      "cruste#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "crusta",
      "crusta#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*krustós",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krustós"
    ],
    [
      "*krews-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krews-"
    ],
    [
      "hroðr",
      "hroðr#Old_Norse"
    ],
    [
      "hruse",
      "hruse#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "hrosa",
      "hrosa#Old_High_German"
    ],
    [
      "kruvesis",
      "kruvesis#Latvian"
    ],
    [
      "κρύος",
      "κρύος#Ancient_Greek"
    ],
    [
      "κρύσταλλος",
      "κρύσταλλος#Ancient_Greek"
    ],
    [
      "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
      "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-#Avestan"
    ],
    [
      "क्रूड्",
      "क्रूड्#Sanskrit"
    ],
    [
      "crusta",
      "crusta#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To cover with a crust.",
        "To form a crust."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive",
        "intransitive"
      ],
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    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A more solid, dense or hard layer on a surface or boundary.",
        "The external, hardened layer of certain foodstuffs, including most types of bread, fried meat, etc.",
        "An outer layer composed of pastry",
        "The bread-like base of a pizza."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "recordId": "999bfe436dffdd4f971256d74f133ec4530b17c6b0cf13f04102806cd8c07c4f",
      "rawRecordSha256": "30625bb8a999d90560d2c8d089131fc4d3e2ed2e07fef3d42504b4e3788a57a8",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 163555
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 8,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

The source etymologies

Unnumbered source etymology

Relationships mentioned by the source

Where this record stops

Source and snapshot