*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of crow

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-der.? Proto-Germanic *krēanądeverb. Proto-Germanic *-ǭ Proto-Germanic *krēǭ Proto-West Germanic *krāā Old English crāwe Middle English crowe English crow From Middle English crow

3 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 3 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
verb

To use a crowbar, wedge, or other implement to attempt to open a surface by leveraging force on the opposite end of the tool to pry off the connection between the two surfaces.

adj

Dark black, the color of a crow; crow-black.

noun

A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles; it has a harsh, croaking call. · Any of various dark-coloured nymphalid butterflies of the genus Euploea. · A bar of iron with a beak, crook or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar. · Someone who keeps watch while their associates commit a crime; a lookout.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-der.? Proto-Germanic *krēanądeverb. Proto-Germanic *-ǭ Proto-Germanic *krēǭ Proto-West Germanic *krāā Old English crāwe Middle English crowe English crow From Middle English crowe, from Old English crāwe, from Proto-West Germanic *krāā, from Proto-Germanic *krēǭ (compare West Frisian krie, Dutch kraai, German Krähe), from *krēaną (“to crow”). See below. The verb is a back-formation from crowbar.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

This page abbreviates 5 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:crowe<id:bird>",
        "id": "bird",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gerh₂-der.?\nProto-Germanic *krēanądeverb.\nProto-Germanic *-ǭ\nProto-Germanic *krēǭ\nProto-West Germanic *krāā\nOld English crāwe\nMiddle English crowe\nEnglish crow\n[Appendix:Glossary#deverbal|Deverbal]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gerh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krēaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"deverbal\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ǭ\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krēǭ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krāan\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-jā\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"By surface analysis,\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\", \"is_invisible\" : \"tree\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krāā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"crāwe\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"crowe\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"crow\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"bird\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"crow\" id=\"English:_bird\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crowe",
        "sc": "Latn"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crowe"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "crāwe"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English crāwe"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*krāā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krāā"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krēǭ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krēǭ"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "krie"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian krie"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "kraai"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch kraai"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Krähe"
      },
      "expansion": "German Krähe"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":bf",
        "3": "crowbar",
        "id": "pry"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#back-formation|Back-formation]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bird\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bird\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"deverb.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Deverbal from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gerh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krēaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"deverbal\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ǭ\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krēǭ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krāan\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-jā\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"By surface analysis,\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\", \"is_invisible\" : \"tree\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*krāā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"crāwe\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"crowe\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"crow\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"rigid object\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*barra\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"barre\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"barre\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bar\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"crowbar\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"back-formation\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"crow\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"pry\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"crow\" id=\"English:_pry\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "back-formation",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crowbar",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "back-formation from crowbar"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:crowe<id:bird>",
        "id": "bird",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gerh₂-der.?\nProto-Germanic *krēanądeverb.\nProto-Germanic *-ǭ\nProto-Germanic *krēǭ\nProto-West Germanic *krāā\nOld English crāwe\nMiddle English crowe\nEnglish crow"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":bf",
        "3": "crowbar",
        "id": "pry"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*gerh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "*krēaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēaną"
    ],
    [
      "*-ǭ",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ǭ"
    ],
    [
      "*krēǭ",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēǭ"
    ],
    [
      "*krāā",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krāā"
    ],
    [
      "crāwe",
      "crawe#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "crowe",
      "crowe#Middle_English:_bird"
    ],
    [
      "crowe",
      "crowe#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "crāwe",
      "crawe#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*krāā",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krāā"
    ],
    [
      "*krēǭ",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēǭ"
    ],
    [
      "krie",
      "krie#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "kraai",
      "kraai#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Krähe",
      "Krähe#German"
    ],
    [
      "*krēaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēaną"
    ],
    [
      "crowbar",
      "crowbar#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To use a crowbar, wedge, or other implement to attempt to open a surface by leveraging force on the opposite end of the tool to pry off the connection between the two surfaces."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "1dc6f97736e866548b723341e28abde0f96d35d64ad1039b85b4e2f9e2d5a5c6",
      "rawRecordSha256": "19a111f05b667a096358eea13a879f71debec9a5d5bd9ea121629433496f9128",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 502
    },
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Dark black, the color of a crow; crow-black."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon"
      ],
      "recordId": "338bc7810509ec01082bfb07ac9e5b501d51cd9b9a9a160db059e6985adc7850",
      "rawRecordSha256": "bc56c0f0a83df7e1328be3a361418a384ab862332123afa063525330fd1ca40e",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 501
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles; it has a harsh, croaking call.",
        "Any of various dark-coloured nymphalid butterflies of the genus Euploea.",
        "A bar of iron with a beak, crook or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar.",
        "Someone who keeps watch while their associates commit a crime; a lookout."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "slang"
      ],
      "recordId": "96369e617b094ac02bff31c04cd99ab4aaa546620837cfd1760c72e4453d46d2",
      "rawRecordSha256": "b9e4dae94e955bdb177a455c4776159b22348bf447e0cc2ae30084f9c363391e",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 500
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 5,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
verb

To make the shrill sound characteristic of a rooster; to make a sound in this manner, either in gaiety, joy, pleasure, or defiance. · To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag. · To test the reed of a double reed instrument by placing the reed alone in the mouth and blowing it.

noun

The cry or call of a rooster or a cockerel, especially as heard at sunrise.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

The verb is from Middle English crowen, from Old English crāwan (past tense crēow, past participle crāwen), from Proto-West Germanic *krāan, from Proto-Germanic *krēaną, from imitative Proto-Indo-European *gerH- (“to cry hoarsely”). The noun is from Middle English crowe, from the verb. Compare Dutch kraaien, German krähen, Lithuanian gróti, Russian гра́ять (grájatʹ)). Related to croak.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "id": "cry of a rooster"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gerH-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crowen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crowen"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "crāwan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English crāwan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*krāan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krāan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krēaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krēaną"
    },
    {
      "name": "onomatopoeic",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "title": "imitative"
      },
      "expansion": "imitative"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gerh₂-",
        "4": "*gerH-",
        "5": "to cry hoarsely"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gerH- (“to cry hoarsely”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crowe"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crowe"
    },
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "u"
      },
      "expansion": "ᵘ"
    },
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "2"
      },
      "expansion": "²"
    },
    {
      "name": "smallcaps",
      "args": {
        "1": "Crow"
      },
      "expansion": "Crow"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "kraaien"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch kraaien"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "krähen"
      },
      "expansion": "German krähen"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "gróti"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian gróti"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "гра́ять"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian гра́ять (grájatʹ)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "id": "cry of a rooster"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "crowen",
      "crowen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "crāwan",
      "crawan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "crēow",
      "creow#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "crāwen",
      "crawen#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*krāan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krāan"
    ],
    [
      "*krēaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēaną"
    ],
    [
      "*gerH-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "crowe",
      "crowe#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "kraaien",
      "kraaien#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "krähen",
      "krähen#German"
    ],
    [
      "gróti",
      "groti#Lithuanian"
    ],
    [
      "гра́ять",
      "граять#Russian"
    ],
    [
      "croak",
      "croak#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To make the shrill sound characteristic of a rooster; to make a sound in this manner, either in gaiety, joy, pleasure, or defiance.",
        "To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag.",
        "To test the reed of a double reed instrument by placing the reed alone in the mouth and blowing it."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "recordId": "494a304560e726eec55fb98614693a665ed1a40bcb986b4a54beef467ed9adc9",
      "rawRecordSha256": "714b2e27f8bcb9aba56db6a4963b3cf05b4943834351afe4ffdf06b2dce0da89",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 503
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "The cry or call of a rooster or a cockerel, especially as heard at sunrise."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "9f8dc5f47e3eb13d32c5f2c2e9afcf06ebc035f23abfda8c94b4bddb5859197c",
      "rawRecordSha256": "9249dc9af2b3522777550ccee8ed092c5dbc7c5587ac85ee42493b3321bafd88",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 504
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
noun

Alternative spelling of cro (“marijuana”).

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

No narrative was extracted for this section. Available source templates and references appear below; no ancestor chain has been invented to fill the gap.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "id": "marijuana"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "id": "marijuana"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative spelling of cro (“marijuana”)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "recordId": "255f031eccd9c460ea64848cd1c48d012b46f4467be3197d8baac1ec98104e2e",
      "rawRecordSha256": "156cb97d10ce96abee611bbb5ef673dc295fe7e21299ad43c0e8068e7691f8e3",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 505
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for crow →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-Y3Jvdw