Every attestation claim in the reviewed graph.
PRIMARY-EVIDENCE DESK
COVERAGE LEDGER ↗THE WRITTEN RECORD
NO OBJECT / NO CLAIMWITNESS
THE WORD.
A date is not a manuscript. A quotation is not a facsimile. Every historical occurrence must disclose what was actually seen, where it lives, and how precisely it can be found again.
A primary image was checked and precisely located.
Repeatable logs of what the image itself proves.
A secondary source reports the date or form.
Reviewed word histories represented here.
INSPECTION RATE9%
46 records currently meet the directly inspected primary-object standard, each with a structured inspection log.
01
PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORDS
538 WITNESSES IN THIS VIEW
001PRIMARY OBJECT
fijanearly 6th centuryestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 7:7
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 33r; facsimile 57; John 7:7; line containing “ni mag so manaseþs fijan izwis”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. The object verifies the exact written infinitive fijan in context; it does not establish first use, spoken frequency, or Proto-Germanic ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
002PRIMARY OBJECT
fijanearly 6th centuryestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 12:25
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 76v; facsimile 96; John 12:25; line containing “saei fiaiþ saiwala seina”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. The object verifies the j-less written form fiaiþ in context; it does not by pixels alone reconstruct the sound change or settle every fian normalization.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
003PRIMARY OBJECT
fijanearly 6th centuryproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 123r; facsimile 145; Luke 1:71; line containing “us fijandam unsaraim”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile verifies written fijandam in the enemies clause. It cannot settle Project Wulfila’s explicit lexical ambiguity between the fijan participle and the lexicalized noun fijands.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
004PRIMARY OBJECT
fijanearly 6th centuryproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 143v; facsimile 186; Luke 6:27; line containing “þaim fijandam izwis”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile verifies written fijandam in the those-hating clause. It does not by pixels alone choose the verbal participle over the identically inflected enemy noun.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
005PRIMARY OBJECT
fijandsearly 6th centuryestablished
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:43
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 3v; facsimile 6; Matthew 5:43; line containing “jah fiais fiand þeinana”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse and token analysis. It verifies fiand as the accusative-singular enemy noun immediately after the separate verb fiais; it does not establish first use or spoken frequency.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
006PRIMARY OBJECT
fijandsearly 6th centuryestablished
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:44
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 3v; facsimile 6; Matthew 5:44; line containing “frijoþ fijands izwarans”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse and token analysis. It verifies accusative-plural fijands in the love-your-enemies clause; it does not make every identical surface form unambiguously nominal.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
007PRIMARY OBJECT
fijandsearly 6th centuryestablished
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 10:36
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 27r; facsimile 31; Matthew 10:36; line containing “jah fijands mans innakundai is”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. It verifies nominative-plural fijands in the household-enemies clause; it does not date lexicalization or the first Gothic use.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
008PRIMARY OBJECT
fijandsearly 6th centuryestablished
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:74
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 123r; facsimile 145; Luke 1:74; line containing “us handau fijande unsaraize”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. It verifies genitive-plural fijande in the enemies clause; it is separate from the ambiguous fijandam three verses earlier on the same folio.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
009PRIMARY OBJECT
fijandsearly 6th centuryestablished
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 10:19
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 164v; facsimile 228; Luke 10:19; line containing “ana allai mahtai fijandis”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. It verifies genitive-singular fijandis in the power-of-the-enemy clause; it does not resolve the category of other fijand- tokens.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
010PRIMARY OBJECT
hatanearly 6th centuryestablished
hatan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 123r; facsimile 145; Luke 1:71; line containing “þize hatandane unsis”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription. The object verifies written hatandane in context; it does not show the infinitive hatan, establish a first Gothic use, prove spoken frequency, or by pixels alone choose between the formally possible masculine and neuter genitive-plural analyses.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
011PRIMARY OBJECT
hatanearly 6th centuryestablished
hatan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 143v; facsimile 186; Luke 6:27; line containing “þans hatandans izwis”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription. The object verifies written hatandans in context; it does not show the infinitive hatan, establish a first Gothic use, prove spoken frequency, or by pixels alone choose between the formally possible masculine nominative- and accusative-plural analyses.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
012PRIMARY OBJECT
hatisearly 6th centuryestablished
hatis
Codex Argenteus, Luke 3:7
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 129r; facsimile 157; Luke 3:7; line 10 ending “anawairþin hatiza”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription and the historical line locator. The object verifies written hatiza in the wrath-to-come clause; it does not by itself settle the case analysis, establish a first Gothic use, or prove that hatis was the only Gothic wrath noun.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
013PRIMARY OBJECT
hatizōnearly 6th centuryestablished
hatizōn
Codex Argenteus, John 7:23
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 94v; facsimile 60; John 7:23; line containing “iþ mis hatizoþ”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription and token locator. The object verifies the glyph sequence transcribed hatizoþ in the anger question; it does not itself write the infinitive hatizōn, mark long ō, establish the morphological parse without grammatical analysis, prove a first Gothic use, measure spoken frequency, or recover prehistoric ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
014PRIMARY OBJECT
hatjanearly 6th centuryestablished
hatjan
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:44
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- DG 1, fol. 3v; facsimile 6; Matthew 5:44; line containing “þaim hatjandam izwis”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse-level transcription and morphological analysis. The object verifies inflected hatjandam, not a written infinitive hatjan; 510 is a representative point within the official early-sixth-century manuscript dating, not the translation date or first spoken use.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
015PRIMARY OBJECT
liufsearly 6th centuryprobable
liufs
Codex Argenteus, Mark 1:11
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Codex Argenteus DG 1, fol. 57v, facsimile 276, Mark 1:11, line containing “sa liuba”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila's verse-level transcription. The object verifies inflected liuba in Mark 1:11, not a written nominative liufs; 510 remains a representative point within the official early-sixth-century manuscript dating.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
016PRIMARY OBJECT
hatōnHeliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth centuryestablished
hatan
Heliand manuscript M, enemy command
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r; Heliand 1451; line containing fiund hatan
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The full-resolution facsimile was directly inspected against Köbler and the LWL transcription. It verifies the written infinitive hatan after fiund, not the macronized lemma hatōn, a first use, or a uniquely emotional interpretation. The numeric year is a representative point inside the cataloged second half of the ninth century.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
017PRIMARY OBJECT
hatōnHeliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth centuryestablished
hatan
Heliand manuscript M, arrest scene
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cgm 25, scan 142; Heliand 4915; line containing hatandiero hop
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The full-resolution facsimile directly verifies hatandiero hop in the arrest scene when aligned with the transcription. It does not by pixels alone decide productive present participle against lexicalized enemy noun; Köbler indexes the same locus under both hatōn and hėttiand. The numeric year is a representative manuscript date.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
018PRIMARY OBJECT
hetiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth centuryestablished
heti
Heliand manuscript M, Beatitudes persecution clause
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r; Heliand 1322; line containing rikioro manno heti
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The full-resolution facsimile was directly inspected against Köbler and the LWL transcription. It verifies written heti inside the persecution-and-hostile-speech clause, not the dotted-e normalized headword, a nominative citation form, first use, exact pronunciation, or deeper ancestry. The numeric year is a representative point inside the cataloged second half of the ninth century.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
019PRIMARY OBJECT
hōtiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth centuryestablished
hōti
Heliand manuscript M, Pilate question
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cgm 25, scan 150; Heliand 5183; line containing hugea hotie
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The full-resolution facsimile was directly inspected against Köbler and the LWL transcription. It verifies nominative plural hotie in the phrase about the hearers' hostile minds, not the normalized headword hōti, a first use, exact pronunciation, or either deeper ancestry lane. The year is representative within the cataloged second half of the ninth century.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
020PRIMARY OBJECT
hōtiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth centuryestablished
hōti
Heliand manuscript M, accusation before Pilate
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cgm 25, scan 152; Heliand 5246; line containing hotean hugi
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The full-resolution facsimile directly verifies accusative singular hotean in the hostile-intent phrase when aligned with Köbler and the LWL transcription. It does not establish the normalized headword, first use, pronunciation, or a unique root route.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
021PRIMARY OBJECT
frēondlate 10th or early 11th centuryestablished
frēond
Beowulf manuscript, Heorot filled with friends
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 152r; Electronic Beowulf alignment at verse 1018
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The Electronic Beowulf line control aligned verse 1018 to folio 152r, and the folio image was directly inspected. The pixels visibly preserve freondum between wæs and afylled. This establishes an inflected written form and local hall-company context; it does not establish the poem’s composition date, first use, every participant’s social relationship, or reconstructed ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-28OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
022PRIMARY OBJECT
fēondlate 10th or early 11th centuryestablished
fēond
Beowulf manuscript, foe’s footprint
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 180v, manuscript line 15; Beowulf 2289
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The Electronic Beowulf folio image was directly inspected after using its line control to align Beowulf 2289 with folio 180v. The pixels visibly preserve feondes before fotlast. This establishes an inflected written form and local foe context; it does not establish the poem’s composition date, first use, complete Old English semantics, or deeper ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
023PRIMARY OBJECT
hatrc.1150-1200established
hatr
Bókin dýra, Elucidarius
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- AM 674 a 4°, fol. 33v; line corresponding to Eluc674(1989) 158.10
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The manuscript pixels were directly inspected against ONP’s transcription. The initial Hatr is visibly legible; the remainder of the phrase was not independently re-edited from the pixels. The object verifies a token in this dated codex, not the noun’s first use, complete semantics, gender by itself, or deeper ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
024PRIMARY OBJECT
hatac1200established
hata
Holm perg 15 4° folio 89v
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Manuscript
- LOCATOR
- folio 89v, line 20; scan 1722110
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The scan pixels were directly inspected against ONP's diplomatic transcription and citation c265666. They verify written hata in the command to love chastity and hate no person; they do not establish the headword's first use, complete paradigm, exact pronunciation, or prehistoric ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-27OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
025PRIMARY OBJECT
disaster1694established
désastre
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints DESASTRE as a headword and defines it as a disastrous accident or misfortune.
- LANGUAGE
- French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- First edition, tome 1, printed page 61, Gallica leaf f89, right column
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies the unaccented 1694 French dictionary headword DESASTRE and its opening definition; it is not claimed as the earliest French or English occurrence.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
026PRIMARY OBJECT
hotel1694established
hôtel
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints HOSTEL as a headword in the historical French family later normalized as hôtel.
- LANGUAGE
- French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- First edition, tome 1, printed page 572, Gallica leaf f600, left column
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies the historical dictionary form HOSTEL in 1694 within the French hotel family; it does not show the modern accented spelling hôtel and is not claimed as the earliest French or English occurrence.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
027PRIMARY OBJECT
quarantine1694established
quarantaine
The PESTE entry in the first edition of the Académie française dictionary uses quarantaine for imposed isolation after travel from a place suspected of plague.
- LANGUAGE
- French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- First edition, tome 2, printed page 225, Gallica leaf f233, right column, PESTE entry
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies a 1694 contextual use of quarantaine for medical isolation inside the PESTE entry; it is not a QUARANTAINE headword and is not claimed as the earliest occurrence.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
028PRIMARY OBJECT
sincere1694established
sincère
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints SINCERE as a headword and opens with the senses true and frank.
- LANGUAGE
- French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- First edition, tome 2, printed page 480, Gallica leaf f488, lower left column
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies the unaccented 1694 French dictionary headword SINCERE and its opening definition; it is not claimed as the earliest French or English occurrence.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
029PRIMARY OBJECT
December1704established
December
A bibliographic note in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum names December while pointing readers to the December 1682 Acta Eruditorum.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [816], left column, note above TANGENT; e-rara content image 2867880
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of December as a month name; it is not a DECEMBER headword, is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence, and does not prove the Roman tenth-to-twelfth-month history or deeper ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
030PRIMARY OBJECT
algebra1704established
algebra
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints ALGEBRA as a headword and identifies it as an analytic art concerned with equations.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [53], right column, entry ALGEBRA; e-rara content image 2867117
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the ALGEBRA headword and opening definition in Harris’s 1704 English dictionary; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence or as evidence for the deeper Arabic lineage.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
031PRIMARY OBJECT
algorithm1704probable
algorithm
The e-rara object record and searchable scan locate John Harris's dictionary definition of algorithm.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- e-rara image 55, right column, entry ALGORITHM; content image 2867119
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the ALGORITHM headword and definition in John Harris's 1704 volume; it is not claimed as the earliest surviving English occurrence.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
032PRIMARY OBJECT
calculate1704established
calculate
The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [161], right column, CHIMES entry; e-rara content image 2867225
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual English use of calculate in 1704 inside the CHIMES entry; it is not a CALCULATE headword and is not claimed as the earliest occurrence.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
033PRIMARY OBJECT
check1704established
check
A tide passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses check as a verb meaning restrain or impede.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [834], left column, tide explanation; e-rara content image 2867898
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 verbal use of check in the restrain-or-impede sense; it is not a CHECK headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not establish the later verify sense, banking senses, or Persian chess ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
034PRIMARY OBJECT
collect1704established
collect
A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [240], right column, crystalline-lens passage; e-rara content image 2867304
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of inflected collects; it is not a COLLECT headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the deeper Latin or reconstructed ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
035PRIMARY OBJECT
decimal1704established
decimal
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints DECIMAL in the head phrase DECIMAL Fraction and begins its mathematical definition.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [251], left column, entry DECIMAL Fraction; e-rara content image 2867315
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies DECIMAL in a 1704 English mathematical head phrase; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence and does not by itself prove the word’s French or Latin ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
036PRIMARY OBJECT
etymology1704established
etymology
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints ETYMOLOGY as a headword and defines it as the part of grammar concerned with words’ origins and true signification.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [321], right column, entry ETYMOLOGY; e-rara content image 2867385
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the ETYMOLOGY headword and opening definition in Harris’s 1704 English dictionary; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence and does not by itself prove the deeper Greek or reconstructed ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
037PRIMARY OBJECT
hospital1704established
hospital
John Harris’s NOSOCOMIUM entry uses Hospital for an institution where poor sick people are attended and, if possible, cured.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [572], left column, entry NOSOCOMIUM; e-rara content image 2867636
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Hospital in the medical-care sense; it is not a HOSPITAL headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the earlier lodging senses or Latin ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
038PRIMARY OBJECT
intelligence1704established
intelligence
The PAPER-OFFICE entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum includes Letters of Intelligence among official papers communicated to the King’s Council.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [600], left column, PAPER-OFFICE entry; e-rara content image 2867664
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Intelligence for official information or reports; it is not an INTELLIGENCE headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the mental-capacity sense or deeper ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
039PRIMARY OBJECT
lecture1704established
lecture
A passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum cites a Lecture by Nehemiah Grew about varieties of taste read before the Royal Society.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [818], left column, lower TAST passage; e-rara content image 2867882
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Lecture for a discourse read before the Royal Society; it is not a LECTURE headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the Latin reading ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
040PRIMARY OBJECT
legal1704established
legal
John Harris’s FEE-FARM entry uses Legal to mark the specifically legal sense of the term.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [333], left column, FEE-FARM entry; e-rara content image 2867397
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Legal meaning related to law; it is not a LEGAL headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the Latin lex family or any disputed deeper reconstruction.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
041PRIMARY OBJECT
logic1704established
logic
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints the historical English headword LOGICK and opens by calling it the art of right thinking.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [491], entry LOGICK; e-rara content image 2867555
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the historical spelling LOGICK and opening definition in 1704; it does not show the modern spelling logic, establish the earliest English occurrence, or prove the deeper Greek and reconstructed ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
042PRIMARY OBJECT
muscle1704established
muscle
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints MUSCLE as a headword and defines its role in voluntary animal motion.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [563], left column, entry MUSCLE; e-rara content image 2867627
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the MUSCLE headword and opening definition in Harris’s 1704 English dictionary; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence or as proof of the historical mouse metaphor.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
043PRIMARY OBJECT
salary1704established
salary
A banking-exchange passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Salary for the banker’s compensation.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [187], banking-exchange passage; e-rara content image 2867251
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Salary for a banker’s compensation; it is not a SALARY headword, is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence, and does not prove the Latin ancestry or the salt-payment myth.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
044PRIMARY OBJECT
science1704established
science
The SYSTEM entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Science for an organized branch of knowledge when defining a system of philosophy.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [812], left column, SYSTEM entry, “System of Philosophy”; e-rara content image 2867876
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Science in the branch-of-knowledge sense; it is not a SCIENCE headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the French, Latin, or proposed reconstructed ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
045PRIMARY OBJECT
select1704established
select
John Harris’s NOTES in Musick entry describes a fixed group of six select syllables formerly used to distinguish degrees of sound.
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Image [572], left column, NOTES in Musick entry; e-rara content image 2867636
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 adjectival use of select for a specially chosen set of syllables; it is not a SELECT headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the Latin morphology or reconstructed ancestry.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
046PRIMARY OBJECT
robot1923established
robot
The photographed English title page prints the plural headword in “Rossum's Universal Robots.”
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Printed book
- LOCATOR
- Title-page spread, title line “R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)”
- FACSIMILE
- Linked
Directly inspected title-page occurrence in a photographed 1923 English edition. This object verifies “Robots” in the title of this edition; it is not claimed as the first English use and does not verify unpictured pages of the play.
INSPECTION 2026-08-26OPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
047SOURCE REPORT
logicArchaic Greekestablished
λέγω
Ancient Greek literary record
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- λέγω
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
048SOURCE REPORT
κῆδοςHomeric epic textual layer; digital critical-edition line inspectedestablished
κῆδος
Iliad, many-troubled woes for the Argives
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Iliad 1.445; CTS urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-grc2:1.445
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The digital critical-edition line was directly read, but no ancient or medieval manuscript object was inspected. The representative year marks the Homeric composition horizon, not an exact first use, copying date, or surviving artifact date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
049SOURCE REPORT
κῆδοςHomeric epic, source-reportedestablished
κῆδος
Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- LSJ funeral-rites sense; Iliad 5.156
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
LSJ reports the line under funeral rites and mourning. The underlying manuscript tradition was not directly inspected, and the year is only a representative Homeric-text horizon.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
050SOURCE REPORT
κῆδοςHomeric epic, source-reportedestablished
κῆδος
Odyssey, care or concern for others
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- LSJ care-about sense; Odyssey 22.254
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
LSJ uses the phrase for the care-about sense. No manuscript object was inspected and the representative year does not assert first use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
051SOURCE REPORT
logicArchaic / Classical Greekestablished
λόγος
Ancient Greek literary and documentary record
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- λόγος
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
052SOURCE REPORT
legalRoman antiquityestablished
lēx
Latin legal and literary record
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- lex
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
053SOURCE REPORT
μυςc. 430 BCEprobable
μῦς
Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense I; μῦς ἀρουραῖος, cited to Herodotus
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicon-reported Herodotean occurrence was reviewed; the underlying historical text object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
054SOURCE REPORT
etymologyAncient Greekestablished
ἐτυμολογία
Greek lexical and grammatical tradition
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ἐτυμολογία
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
055SOURCE REPORT
lectureLatin antiquityestablished
legere
Latin literary record
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- legō / legere
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
056SOURCE REPORT
calculateLatin antiquityestablished
calculus
Source-reported Latin lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Word History
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexical record; no manuscript or inscription facsimile was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
057SOURCE REPORT
candidateRoman antiquityestablished
candidātus
Latin political and lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- candidatus
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
058SOURCE REPORT
hostis44 BCEestablished
hostis
Cicero, De officiis 1.12.37, as reported in Lewis and Short
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword introduction; Cic. Off. 1.12.37
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary citation and excerpt were reviewed; no manuscript or edition image was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
059SOURCE REPORT
salaryRoman imperial periodestablished
salārium
Latin literary and epigraphic record
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- salarium
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
060SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:43
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Matthew 5:43 [CA], token fiais
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. The underlying folio was not directly inspected for this dossier, and the record does not infer an unwritten infinitive from the surface form.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
061SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 6:24
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Matthew 6:24 [CA], token fijaiþ
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. This is a source-reported corpus record rather than a fresh object inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
062SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 7:7
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 7:7 [CA], second token fijaiþ
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists this second John 7:7 token in the verified section. The separate token count is retained even though it shares a verse and folio with the inspected infinitive.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
063SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:18
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:18 [CA], token fijai
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the optative token in the verified section; the manuscript object was not directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
064SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:18
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:18 [CA], token fijaida
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the preterite token in the verified section and inventories it separately from fijai in the same verse.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
065SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:19
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:19 [CA], token fijaid
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. No claim about first use or ordinary frequency is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
066SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:23
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:23 [CA], first token fijaiþ
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila inventories the first verified fijaiþ in John 15:23 as a separate token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
067SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:23
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:23 [CA], second token fijaiþ
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila inventories the repeated verified fijaiþ in the same verse as a second token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
068SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:24
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:24 [CA], token fijaidedun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists this third-person-plural preterite in the verified section.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
069SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 15:25
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 15:25 [CA], token fijaidedun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section; the verse-level object was not directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
070SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedestablished
fijan
Codex Argenteus, John 17:14
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- John 17:14 [CA], token fijaida
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. This record preserves the corpus assignment without claiming that all Gothic hate contexts share one sense.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
071SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedprobable
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 14:26
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 14:26 [CA], token fijaiþ
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous but the token as not verified and morphosyntactically ambiguous among several present forms.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
072SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedprobable
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 16:13
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 16:13 [CA], token fijaiþ
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining unresolved person, mood, or imperative analyses.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
073SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedprobable
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:14
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 19:14 [CA], token fijaidedun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists this preterite token as not verified but unambiguous for fijan.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
074SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 6:22 [CA], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands analyses and marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous. No forced lemma assignment is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
075SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 6:35 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both verb and noun analyses. The Greek enemy context favors the lexicalized noun, but the corpus preserves the formal ambiguity.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
076SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:27
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 19:27 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands. The surface record remains in the overlap set rather than being counted as a secure verb token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
077SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:43
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 19:43 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous between the verb and enemy noun.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
078SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Luke 20:43
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 20:43 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila preserves both analyses. The dossier does not convert an enemy translation into proof of one morphological lemma.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
079SOURCE REPORT
fijanearly 6th-century witness, source-reportedproposed
fijan
Codex Argenteus, Mark 12:36
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Mark 12:36 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands analyses; the underlying object was not directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
080SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 1:71 [CA], token fijandam
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists this token under both fijands and fijan and marks it lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous. Its directly inspected surface form already exists as witness 286 under the overlapping verb dossier; this row does not double-count that object inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
081SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 6:22 [CA], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both noun and verb analyses. The accusative singular surface form alone does not choose enemy or one who hates.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
082SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 6:27 [CA], token fijandam
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists this token under both lemmas. Its directly inspected surface form already exists as witness 288 under the overlapping verb dossier; this row preserves the noun candidate without claiming a second object inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
083SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 6:35 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The nominative-plural or participial surface form remains explicitly ambiguous in Project Wulfila.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
084SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:27
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 19:27 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The surface form is shared by the noun and productive participle inventories; no forced lemma assignment is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
085SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:43
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 19:43 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
086SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Luke 20:43
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luke 20:43 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila retains both the enemy noun and hating-participle analyses.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
087SOURCE REPORT
fijandsearly 6th-century candidate, source-reportedproposed
fijands
Codex Argenteus, Mark 12:36
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Mark 12:36 [CA], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The token is a corpus candidate for both lemmas rather than a secure noun count.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
088SOURCE REPORT
loveOld English periodestablished
lufu
Old English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- lufu
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
089SOURCE REPORT
Feindeighth century, source-reportedestablished
fīant
Old High German headword horizon
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Pfeifer etymology, fīant and fījant (8th century)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWDS/Pfeifer reports these Old High German forms from the eighth century. No manuscript object was directly inspected, and the representative year marks a century horizon rather than an exact first token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
090SOURCE REPORT
Hasseighth century, source-reportedestablished
haʒ
Old High German headword horizon
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Pfeifer etymology: Old High German haʒ (8th century)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German form from the eighth century. No manuscript object was directly inspected, and 750 is a representative century marker rather than an exact first token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
091SOURCE REPORT
algebrac. 825probable
al-jabr
Source-reported title phrase in al-Khwārizmī's mathematical work
- LANGUAGE
- Classical Arabic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ALGEBRA entry
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported historical-text record; the Arabic manuscript tradition and facsimiles were not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
092SOURCE REPORT
Freundninth century, source-reportedestablished
friunt
Otfried, friends addressed directly
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DWB Freund; O. II.8,45
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Grimm reports the edited Old High German quotation and locator. No manuscript object was directly inspected and the representative year does not claim an exact copying date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
093SOURCE REPORT
Freundninth century, source-reportedestablished
friunt
Otfried, beloved friends
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DWB Freund; O. V.25,54
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The historical dictionary supplies the quotation. The underlying object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
094SOURCE REPORT
kindcirca 888 passage reported from Alfred’s Boethiusestablished
cynd / gecynd
Old English gecynde passage reported by Loureiro-Porto
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Chapter 2, historical development of kind of
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The scholarly monograph and edited excerpt were inspected, not the underlying manuscript object. The form is reported in an Old English passage and is not promoted as the earliest surviving token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
095SOURCE REPORT
clueOld English periodestablished
cliewen
Old English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- cliewen
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
096SOURCE REPORT
frēondearly Old English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Orosius translation, Hannibal as no friend of the Romans
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.2b; Orosius, History iv. viii. 99
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the early Old English political-alliance context. The representative year is period-level and not an exact copying date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
097SOURCE REPORT
fēondearly Old English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
King Alfred’s Pastoral Care, Devil as Old Enemy
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Pastoral Care xxxvi. 261
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED cites this early Old English record for the Devil sense. The manuscript object was not directly inspected in this review and the representative year is not a precise copying date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
098SOURCE REPORT
fēondearly Old English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
Metres of Boethius, Nero as a wicked person
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Metres of Boethius xv. 7
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED uses Nero as an early example of the malevolent or cruel-person sense. The underlying damaged manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
099SOURCE REPORT
fēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
Boethius, friends and foes contrast
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Boethius 20; Fox 72, 21
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the explicit friend-versus-foe contrast and the i-mutated plural form. The Cotton variant fiend is noted by the dictionary but no manuscript was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
100SOURCE REPORT
hetiSaxon Confession, tenth centuryestablished
heti
Saxon Confession genitive occurrence
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- S 318,8 = Wa 16,11
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The Academy dictionary prints genitive singular hetias and the full confession sequence, while its source key dates the Saxon Confession to the tenth century. The manuscript object itself was not directly inspected; 950 is only a representative point inside that century.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
101SOURCE REPORT
fjándipoetic composition dated 960 by source; dating requires checkingprobable
fjándi
Egill, Sonatorrek 24
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lexicon Poeticum citation 1 of 49
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Lexicon Poeticum renders the context as enemies and reports 960, but explicitly warns that its concordance is unreviewed and dates may derive from earlier editions. No manuscript object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
102SOURCE REPORT
fjándipoetic composition dated 961 by source; dating requires checkingprobable
fjándi
Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Hákonarmál 12
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lexicon Poeticum citation 2 of 49
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The project translates the phrase as and your enemies fled and reports 961 under an explicit date-check warning. It is a source-reported composition date, not an inspected manuscript date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
103SOURCE REPORT
bridebefore the 12th centuryestablished
bride
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported pre-twelfth-century use represented conservatively within the Old English record; no manuscript was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
104SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Resignation of the World, hating crimes
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Exeter Book 98a; Thorpe 366, 16; Reb. 13
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the edited example “let us hate crimes.” The manuscript object was not directly inspected and the representative year is not a precise copying date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
105SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Psalm, hands of haters
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ps. Th. 105, 10
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports an inflected participial form in a Psalm translation. This establishes a source-reported lexical occurrence, not direct manuscript inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
106SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Psalm, hating unjust ways
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ps. Th. 118, 128; 138, 19
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the first-person form with unjust ways as object. No claim is made that this is a first use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
107SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Elene, animals and friends
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Elene 360; Kemble 719
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports a plural present form in the proposition that brute animals do not hate their friends. The manuscript pixels were not inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
108SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Psalm, people who hate without cause
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ps. Th. 68, 4; 73, 22
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the plural variant feógeaþ. The record is an edited dictionary example, not a complete corpus count.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
109SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Psalm, hating workers of deceit
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ps. Th. 100, 3; 118, 113
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports a past-tense form. Its source location is preserved without claiming direct access to the historical object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
110SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Juliana and Elene, hating the Lord’s law
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Exeter Book 66a; Thorpe 243, 21; Juliana 14; Elene 356
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past form and its law object. The entry aggregates two editorial references; neither manuscript was directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
111SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Psalm, those who hate peace
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ps. Spl. C. 119, 6
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past variant feódun. The source report does not prove one standardized spelling.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
112SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Christ, hating God’s temple
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Exeter Book 18a; Thorpe 44, 27; Christ 709
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past variant feódan. The date is representative and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
113SOURCE REPORT
fēoganOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēogan
Psalm, imperative to hate evil
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ps. Spl. C. 96, 10
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports both the edited form and manuscript-T variant. This supports variation inside the verb; it does not independently establish pronunciation or a separate lexeme.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
114SOURCE REPORT
fēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
Beowulf line 101, enemy in hell
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Beowulf 101
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED cites the Old English enemy or foe sense. The aligned Electronic Beowulf text was consulted, but the folio pixels for this separate occurrence were not directly inspected in this dossier.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
115SOURCE REPORT
fēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
Soul’s enemy example
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- L. E. I. 3; Thorpe ii 404, 9
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the edited Old English example and its soul’s-enemy sense. No first-use or manuscript-object claim is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
116SOURCE REPORT
fēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
Dream of the Rood, human enemies
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Rood 30; Krapp 33
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the plural human-enemies occurrence. Its date is representative and the manuscript image was not inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
117SOURCE REPORT
fēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
fēond
Guthlac A, fallen spirits
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Guthlac A 421
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED cites the plural for fallen angels or evil spirits. This remains a source-reported lexical witness rather than a directly inspected manuscript object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
118SOURCE REPORT
Decemberbefore the 12th centuryestablished
December
English lexicographic first-use report for December
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported Old English period; 1050 is only a sorting midpoint and no manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
119SOURCE REPORT
hatebefore the 12th centuryestablished
hate
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a verb
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, verb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon, not an exact token or first spoken use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
120SOURCE REPORT
kinbefore the 12th centuryestablished
kin
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kin
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year 1050 is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
121SOURCE REPORT
kindbefore the 12th centuryestablished
kind
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kind as a noun
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported written-use horizon for the noun. The sorting year 1050 is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
122SOURCE REPORT
kindredbefore the 12th centuryestablished
kindred
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kindred as a noun
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
123SOURCE REPORT
kindredlate Old English, unique inflected formestablished
cynræden / cynrēde
Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Word History, noun etymology
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Merriam-Webster reports the form as the one attestation of cynræden, accusative or dative. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
124SOURCE REPORT
kingbefore the 12th centuryestablished
king
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for king
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year 1050 is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
125SOURCE REPORT
mousebefore the 12th centuryestablished
mouse
English lexicographic first-use record for mouse
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
126SOURCE REPORT
musselbefore the 12th centuryestablished
mussel
English lexicographic first-use record for mussel
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
127SOURCE REPORT
kayık11th-century kayguk reportprobable
kayguk
Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk record discussed by Alonso de la Fuente
- LANGUAGE
- Old Turkic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Abstract and Turkic philological analysis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The historical form and century are reported by the scholarly article; SET-U has not directly inspected the manuscript or edition page.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
128SOURCE REPORT
collectbefore 12th centuryestablished
collect
English lexical record for the prayer noun
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
129SOURCE REPORT
fīuntcirca 1100established
fīunt
Leiden Willeram, enemies of God
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; LW 013,12; Egmond, Holland
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a nominative-plural uiande and locates the record at Egmond. No codex page was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
130SOURCE REPORT
fīuntcirca 1100established
fīunt
Leiden Willeram, enemies of bride and bridegroom
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; LW 073,04; Egmond, Holland
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports the dative-plural uiandan inside a longer clause and notes an editorial supplement elsewhere in the passage. No manuscript object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
131SOURCE REPORT
fīuntcirca 1100established
fīunt
Leiden Willeram, army camp
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; LW 101,11; Egmond, Holland
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a nominative-plural uiende. The historical-dictionary surface was inspected, not the underlying witness object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
132SOURCE REPORT
lawbefore the 12th centuryestablished
lagu
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History and First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use horizon attached to the Old English form, not a directly inspected primary object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
133SOURCE REPORT
laybefore the 12th centuryestablished
lecgan
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History and First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use horizon attached to the Old English form, not a directly inspected primary object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
134SOURCE REPORT
saltbefore the 12th centuryestablished
sealt
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History and First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use horizon attached to the Old English form, not a directly inspected primary object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
135SOURCE REPORT
vijandcirca 1100established
fīunt / fīant
Leiden Willeram, enemy of God clause
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; LW 013,12; Egmond, Holland
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW locates and translates the clause as however they are your enemies. The lexical record was inspected; no underlying codex page was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
136SOURCE REPORT
vriendcirca 1100, source-reportedestablished
friunt
Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- EWN vroegnnl.; Willeram
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
EWN supplies the edited quotation and approximate date. No manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
137SOURCE REPORT
vriendcirca 1100, source-reportedestablished
friunt
Old Dutch Willeram, beloved companion and friend
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- EWN vroegnnl.; Willeram
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
EWN reports the edited text. The record does not claim first use or direct object inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
138SOURCE REPORT
hatapoem attributed 1104; concordance date unreviewedprobable
hata
Gísl Illugason, Magnússflokkr 7
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lexicon Poeticum word record 89176
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The present participle is translated as his enemies, showing lexicalized hostile participants. The attribution date and concordance row remain source-reported and unreviewed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
139SOURCE REPORT
hate12th centuryestablished
hate
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a noun
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Sense- and category-specific source-reported horizon.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
140SOURCE REPORT
logic12th centuryestablished
logic
Middle English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
141SOURCE REPORT
friendcirca 1175, source-reportedestablished
frẹ̄nd
Ormulum, bridegroom's friend
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.1a; Ormulum, Burchfield transcript, line 17960
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the transcript and approximate date. No manuscript pixels were inspected, and the representative year does not claim an exact copying event.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
142SOURCE REPORT
kincirca 1175 quotation reported by the Middle English Dictionaryestablished
kin / kyn / kun
Ormulum kin quotation in the Middle English Dictionary
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- MED24246, sense 1a, Ormulum line 2069
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary record and edited quotation were inspected, not the underlying Junius 1 manuscript object. This verifies a located medieval use, not the earliest surviving token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
143SOURCE REPORT
kindcirca 1175 quotation reported by the Middle English Dictionaryestablished
kīnde
Bodleian Homilies cynde quotation in the Middle English Dictionary
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- MED24248, sense 1a
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary record and edited quotation were inspected, not the underlying manuscript object. This verifies a located medieval noun use, not the first surviving token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
144SOURCE REPORT
étymologiec. 1175established
ethimologie
CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French ethimologie
- LANGUAGE
- Old French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- History: Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Chronique des ducs de Normandie, verse 904
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported medieval text and locator; the underlying manuscript or edition page was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
145SOURCE REPORT
fjándipoetic composition dated 1190 by source; dating requires checkingprobable
fjándi
Anonymous Leiðarvísan 31
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lexicon Poeticum poetic citation
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Lexicon Poeticum translates the surrounding record with fiend and reports 1190. No underlying manuscript object was inspected, and the project’s dating disclaimer is retained.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
146SOURCE REPORT
Freundcirca 1200, source-reportedestablished
vriunt
Iwein, best friend
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DWB Freund; Iwein 2742
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Grimm reports the literary quotation and line. No manuscript object was directly inspected and the year remains approximate.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
147SOURCE REPORT
Freundcirca 1200, source-reportedestablished
vriunt
Iwein, Gawain as best friend
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DWB Freund; Iwein 4850
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary supplies the edited line; SET-U did not inspect a medieval witness.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
148SOURCE REPORT
feign13th century first known useestablished
feign
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
149SOURCE REPORT
frændimanuscript dated circa 1200 by ONPestablished
frændi
Icelandic homily, Adam as ancestor
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP citation c179492; HómÍsl 43 (1993) 71r:12; Holm perg 15 4°
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the phrase under ancestor and supplies the manuscript date and folio locator. The dictionary record was inspected; the manuscript image was not used for a direct token claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
150SOURCE REPORT
loveMiddle English periodestablished
love / luve
Middle English textual corpus
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- love n.
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
151SOURCE REPORT
hatrc.1200-1225, source-reportedproposed
hatr
Spakmǽli Prospers: Epigrammata
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Prosper677 9.10; AM 677 4°, fols. 1r-6v
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP places this passage under a question-marked mockery or scorn sense with Latin irrisio. The representative year lies inside the manuscript range; the object was not directly inspected and the semantic proposal remains uncertain.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
152SOURCE REPORT
vriend1201–1225, source-reportedestablished
vrient
Floyris, hearing the words of his friend
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- EWN mnl.; VMNW citation
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
EWN supplies the dated edited quotation. The representative midpoint year supports discovery only; no manuscript object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
153SOURCE REPORT
hatapoem attributed 1221; concordance date unreviewedprobable
hata
Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 19
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lexicon Poeticum word record 290540
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The poetic record is translated with damage to the deep wave-ground. The public concordance warns that records and dates require review, so the token is not promoted as a directly inspected manuscript or an uncontested semantic stage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
154SOURCE REPORT
fienda1225, possibly composed in Old Englishestablished
fiend
Friend-versus-foe contrast
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Old English Homilies, 1st Series, p. 231
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports this early enemy-or-foe occurrence and notes possible Old English composition. The manuscript object was not directly inspected, and the displayed year is a source-reported horizon rather than a precise copying date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
155SOURCE REPORT
vriend1201–1250, source-reportedestablished
vrient
Van Veen and Van der Sijs early Middle Dutch form inventory
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- EWN subentry Van Veen and Van der Sijs
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
This is a source-reported historical form inventory, not a directly inspected medieval token or an exact first-use claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
156SOURCE REPORT
vijand1236established
viant / vient
Ghent documentary record
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; Corpus I, p. 26, lines 5–7; Ghent, East Flanders
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
VMNW identifies this as the oldest attestation in its thirteenth-century corpus. It is a located corpus report, not a directly inspected charter object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
157SOURCE REPORT
frændimanuscript dated circa 1250 by ONPestablished
frændi
Grágás, friends-or-kin versus enemies formula
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP citation c198641; GrgKon I 206:8; GKS 1157 fol
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the citation under friend while flagging possible kin sense 3 and supplies the manuscript date and shelfmark. SET-U inspected the dictionary citation record, not the underlying manuscript token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
158SOURCE REPORT
guest13th centuryestablished
guest
English lexicographic first-use record for guest
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
159SOURCE REPORT
hatred13th centuryestablished
hatred
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hatred
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year is a midpoint convention, not an exact token date or first spoken use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
160SOURCE REPORT
fiendcirca 1275, possibly composed before 1200established
fiend
Malevolent creatures or monsters
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Laȝamon, Brut, Caligula manuscript, line 907
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports this occurrence under the obsolete monster sense. The historical object was not directly inspected and the dating remains source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
161SOURCE REPORT
friendcirca 1275, source-reportedestablished
frẹ̄nd
Liuis firist, gathering one's friend
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Supplemental Materials; Trinity College Cambridge B.14.39, line 4
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
MED reports the newly indexed spelling frent and manuscript locator. The underlying object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
162SOURCE REPORT
frændimanuscript dated circa 1275 by ONPestablished
frændi
Morkinskinna, friends becoming enemies
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP citation c198959; Mork 263:19; GKS 1009 fol
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files this record under friend and compares Hávamál 43. The digital citation page and metadata were read, but no manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
163SOURCE REPORT
hataGKS 1009 fol manuscript c1275; source-reportedestablished
hata
Morkinskinna
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP c265758; Mork 10321
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP assigns the middle-voice construction hataz við to hostile opposition. The manuscript object was linked but not directly inspected for this token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
164SOURCE REPORT
vijand1285established
viant / vient
Rijmbijbel, Lucifer apposition
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 2.1; Rijmb., p. 531, lines 24–26; West Flanders
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
VMNW explicitly files the passage under the Devil or fallen archangel sense. The edition and manuscript object were not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
165SOURCE REPORT
dairy14th century first known useestablished
dairy
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
166SOURCE REPORT
fiction14th century first known useestablished
fiction
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
167SOURCE REPORT
hatrc.1300, source-reportedproposed
hatr
Hirðskrá manuscript record
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Citation c790383; AM 322 fol, main edition Hirð 417.7; variant AM 322 fol 8va11
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP assigns this lone citation to a masculine entry but explicitly flags the analysis as possibly an elementary error. Neither the manuscript pixels nor the edition were directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
168SOURCE REPORT
fiendcirca 1330, possibly composed before 1300established
fiend
Demon-like being
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Guy of Warwick, Auchinleck manuscript, p. 430
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports this Middle English demon comparison. The manuscript object was not directly inspected, and the representative year does not collapse composition and copying dates.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
169SOURCE REPORT
hatapoem attributed 1335; concordance date unreviewedprobable
hata
Anonymous, Fourth Grammatical Treatise verse 8
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lexicon Poeticum word record 241911
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The poetic record is translated virtue is destroyed. The asterisk on rataz belongs to the edition's reading, not to a Proto-form, and the source warns that its concordance and dates require review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
170SOURCE REPORT
fiend1340established
fiend
Enemy in feudal context
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ayenbite, p. 19
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the south-eastern variant uyende under the obsolete enemy sense. The record is source-reported and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
171SOURCE REPORT
hassen1343 textual horizon, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒen
Matthias von Beheim, Matthew 5:11
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Behaim, Evangelienbuch, Matthew 5:11
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB aligns the passage with Latin persecuti vos fuerint and later German verfolgen. The 1867 edition and manuscript were not directly inspected; 1343 is the work horizon, not a token-level dating proof.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
172SOURCE REPORT
hassen1343 textual horizon, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒen
Matthias von Beheim, John 5:16
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Behaim, Evangelienbuch, John 5:16
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB aligns the clause with Latin persequebantur and German verfolgten. The underlying edition and manuscript were not directly inspected, so the action interpretation remains source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
173SOURCE REPORT
algorism14th centuryestablished
algorism
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected medieval object; Etymonline reports an earlier early-thirteenth-century horizon.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
174SOURCE REPORT
algorithm14th centuryestablished
algorisme / augrim
Middle English lexicographic first-use record for algorism
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use date; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
175SOURCE REPORT
calculator14th centuryestablished
calculator
Merriam-Webster source-reported Middle English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History and First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected medieval object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
176SOURCE REPORT
check14th centuryestablished
check
English lexicographic first-use report for check
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use — verb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
177SOURCE REPORT
checkmate14th centuryestablished
checkmate
English lexicographic first-use report for checkmate
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use — verb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
178SOURCE REPORT
chess14th centuryestablished
chess
English lexicographic first-use report for chess
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use — game noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
179SOURCE REPORT
fjándimanuscript dated circa 1350 by ONPestablished
fjándi
Árni’s Christian law, GKS 3270 4° variant
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ÁKr 22:23; GKS 3270 4° B
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP locates fiandanom as a manuscript variant for andskotanom and reports the manuscript as c.1350. The citation record and linked image index were inspected, but the exact token was not directly verified on the manuscript image.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
180SOURCE REPORT
hospital14th centuryestablished
hospital
English lexicographic first-use record for hospital
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
181SOURCE REPORT
host14th centuryestablished
host
English lexicographic first-use record for host in the hospitality sense
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Noun (1), First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use period for the hospitality noun; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
182SOURCE REPORT
intelligence14th centuryestablished
intelligence
Middle English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
183SOURCE REPORT
muscle14th centuryestablished
muscle
English lexicographic first-use record for muscle
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
184SOURCE REPORT
nice14th centuryestablished
nice
English lexicographic first-use report for nice
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
185SOURCE REPORT
science14th centuryestablished
science / cience
English lexicographic first-use report for science
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
186SOURCE REPORT
etymologylate 14th centuryestablished
etymology
English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
187SOURCE REPORT
humilitycirca 1390 reported quotationestablished
humilite
Middle English Dictionary citation to Chaucer’s Parson’s Tale
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- c1390 Chaucer CT.Pars. I.989
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary citation and short excerpt were inspected; the underlying manuscript object was not, so this remains source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
188SOURCE REPORT
-logybefore 1398 source-reported Middle English quotationestablished
-logie
John Trevisa’s translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus as indexed by the Middle English Dictionary
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Trev.Barth. (BL Add MS 27944), fol. 19b/a
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The edited dictionary quotation and manuscript stencil were inspected, but the underlying manuscript leaf was not. The occurrence witnesses -logie inside a host word and is not claimed as an autonomous suffix token or the earliest surviving example.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
189SOURCE REPORT
arithmetic15th centuryestablished
arithmetic
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected fifteenth-century object; Etymonline reports an earlier mid-thirteenth-century form.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
190SOURCE REPORT
exhume15th century first known useestablished
exhume
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
191SOURCE REPORT
fiendcirca 1405, composed circa 1390established
fiend
The Devil’s snare
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Chaucer, Man of Law’s Tale, line 571
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the Devil sense in a Middle English witness. This is a source-reported quotation, not a directly inspected manuscript object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
192SOURCE REPORT
humiliationbefore 1449 source-reported French recordestablished
humiliation
Jean de Stavelot, Chronique
- LANGUAGE
- Middle French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- page 466 as reported in Godefroy Complément
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
CNRTL’s historical-dictionary report was inspected; the underlying chronicle object and edition page were not, so 1449 is an upper horizon rather than an exact occurrence year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
193SOURCE REPORT
lecture15th centuryestablished
lecture
English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
194SOURCE REPORT
legal15th centuryestablished
legal
English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
195SOURCE REPORT
hetzen1472 legal hunting recordestablished
hetzen / hessen / hittzen
Albrecht Achilles source reported by DRW
- LANGUAGE
- Early New High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AlbrAchillesMerckB. 105
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The legal-dictionary report was inspected; the underlying document image was not.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
196SOURCE REPORT
hatadocument dated 1479; surviving JS 308 copy c1750established
hata
Skriptamál Ólafar Loftsdóttur
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP c265750; DI VI 24226
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP assigns the confession to mock or humiliate with abusive words. The date belongs to the document tradition; the cited manuscript copy is later and was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
197SOURCE REPORT
Feind1483established
Feind
German Bible enemy proverb
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Bibel 1483, p. 304, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The public DWB entry reports this dated Bible occurrence. The printed 1483 object was not directly inspected and no absolute-first-use claim is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
198SOURCE REPORT
legendc. 1500established
legend
English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
199SOURCE REPORT
fiende1521established
fiande / fiände
Gustav I’s registratur, friendship-with-enemies clause
- LANGUAGE
- Old Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- GR 1:31
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SAOB locates the early-modern political or collective enemy use. The dictionary record was inspected; no underlying document object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
200SOURCE REPORT
bridegroom1525established
bridegroom
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for bridegroom
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported year; no underlying early-modern object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
201SOURCE REPORT
fiende1526established
fiende
Swedish New Testament, Matthew 5:43
- LANGUAGE
- Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- NT 1526, Matthew 5:43
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SAOB locates the enemy token in the love-and-hate contrast. It supports ordinary enemy use and does not make modern hata the morphological parent of fiende.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
202SOURCE REPORT
fiende1526established
fiende
Swedish New Testament, 1 Peter 5:8
- LANGUAGE
- Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- NT 1526, 1 Peter 5:8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SAOB records the Devil apposition. The lexical record supports historical Fienden or the enemy as the Devil; no printed-page object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
203SOURCE REPORT
etymologize1532established
etymologize
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for transitive etymologize
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use of transitive etymologize
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record for the transitive sense; no underlying 1532 object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
204SOURCE REPORT
sincere1533 first known useestablished
sincere
English lexicographic first-use record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
This is a lexicographic first-use report from Merriam-Webster, not a directly inspected primary object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
205SOURCE REPORT
humiliatecirca 1534 first known useestablished
humiliate
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use horizon; no underlying 1534 object was directly inspected, and the date is not treated as proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
206SOURCE REPORT
hetzen1537/40 polemical recordestablished
hetzen / hessen / hittzen
Luther record reported by FWB
- LANGUAGE
- Early New High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Luther, WA 47, 505, 1
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Shows the human-incitement construction in a located source report; it is not promoted as the first metaphorical use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
207SOURCE REPORT
intelligentcirca 1540established
intelligent
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected historical object or proof of first speech.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
208SOURCE REPORT
calculate1542established
calculate
English lexicographic first-use record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use date; no underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
209SOURCE REPORT
étymologiquec. 1550established
étymologique
CNRTL historical-attestation report for French étymologique
- LANGUAGE
- French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Étymologie et Histoire: Bonivard, cited through Delboulle and the Dictionnaire général
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported approximate date and phrase; neither the underlying Bonivard object nor the cited intermediary edition was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
210SOURCE REPORT
algebra1551established
algebra
English lexicographic first-use record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use date; no underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
211SOURCE REPORT
fiende1555established
fiende
Olaus Magnus, Devil sense
- LANGUAGE
- Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Hist. 1555, SAOB sense I.1.b
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SAOB locates another early-modern Devil use. It is source-reported evidence and does not show that the demonic branch was the only meaning.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
212SOURCE REPORT
Hass1560established
Haß / hasz
Early New High German proverb record
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hasz, m., sense 2; Agricola, Sprichwörter (1560), 120a
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports this dated printed occurrence for hostile disposition and strife. The 1560 object was not directly inspected, so the claim remains source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
213SOURCE REPORT
hassen1560established
hassen
Agricola, Sprichwörter
- LANGUAGE
- Early New High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 2; Agricola, Sprichwörter (1560), 89b
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports this dated printed occurrence under the feeling-centered sense. The 1560 object was not directly inspected, so the passage remains source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
214SOURCE REPORT
selectFirst known adjective use reported as 1565established
select
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for select
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic date. The underlying 1565 primary object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
215SOURCE REPORT
shah1566established
shah
English lexicographic first-use report for shah
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
216SOURCE REPORT
disaster1567established
disaster
English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
217SOURCE REPORT
aguacate1571 Molina dictionary recordestablished
āhuacatl
Molina 1571 Nahuatl dictionary entry
- LANGUAGE
- Classical Nahuatl
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ahuacatl — Molina 2
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
UNAM reports the historical dictionary entry. SET-U has not directly inspected Molina's original printed page.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
218SOURCE REPORT
icon1572established
icon
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1572 object; Etymonline gives the broader 1570s horizon.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
219SOURCE REPORT
etymon1573established
etymon
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use report for etymon
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, sense 1a
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported year; no underlying 1573 printed object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
220SOURCE REPORT
emotion1579established
emotion
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1579 object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
221SOURCE REPORT
hostile1580established
hostile
English lexicographic first-use record for hostile
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
222SOURCE REPORT
mango1582established
mango
English lexicographic first-use record for mango
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1582 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
223SOURCE REPORT
etymological1588established
etymological
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for etymological
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying 1588 object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
224SOURCE REPORT
candid1597established
candid
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for candid
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective sense 4
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported year for the English white sense; no underlying 1597 printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
225SOURCE REPORT
omniscient1598established
omniscient
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, all-knowing sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1598 object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
226SOURCE REPORT
candidatec. 1600established
candidate
English lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
227SOURCE REPORT
cluelate 16th to 17th centuryestablished
clue
English literary record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- figurative senses
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
228SOURCE REPORT
consciouscirca 1600established
conscious
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective sense 2
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected printed object or proof of first speech.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
229SOURCE REPORT
llama1600established
llama
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
230SOURCE REPORT
moose1603established
moose
English lexicographic first-use record for moose
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1603 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
231SOURCE REPORT
etymologist1604established
etymologist
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for etymologist
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying 1604 object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
232SOURCE REPORT
jaguar1604established
jaguar
English lexicographic first-use record for jaguar
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1604 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
233SOURCE REPORT
legislation1606probable
legislation
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A secondary lexicographic year report. Etymonline gives the 1650s, so SET-U preserves the chronology dispute and does not claim coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
234SOURCE REPORT
decimal1608established
decimal
English lexicographic first-use record for decimal as an adjective
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use — adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
235SOURCE REPORT
fiend1608established
fiend
Foul Fiend as Devil
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Shakespeare, King Lear, scene xiii, line 8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports this early modern Devil use. The quoted edition record was not directly inspected in this dossier.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
236SOURCE REPORT
nescience1612established
nescience
English lexicographic first-use record for nescience
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
237SOURCE REPORT
quarantine1617established
quarantine
English noun lexicographic first-use record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The 1617 date is source-reported for the noun’s forty-day sense. No underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
238SOURCE REPORT
yogurt1625established
yogurt
English lexicographic first-use record for yogurt
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1625 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
239SOURCE REPORT
hammock1626established
hammock
English lexicographic first-use record for the suspended-bed sense of hammock
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use — noun (1)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1626 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
240SOURCE REPORT
friendbefore 1637, source-reportedestablished
friend
Hobbes translation of Aristotle, explicit love definition
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.1a; Briefe Art Rhetorique ii.76
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the dated printed-text quotation. It documents one early modern definition in context, not the timeless original meaning of every use of friend.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
241SOURCE REPORT
fiende1651established
fiende
Seventeenth-century figurative tree-enemy use
- LANGUAGE
- Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- SAOB sense I.1.c, 1651 example
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SAOB records an inanimate figurative enemy relation between trees. The excerpt is lexical evidence, not a claim about modern botanical terminology.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
242SOURCE REPORT
teaFirst known use reported as 1655established
tea
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for tea
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use of tea
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic date. SET-U did not inspect the underlying 1655 primary object in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
243SOURCE REPORT
decimate1660established
decimate
English lexicographic first-use record for decimate
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
244SOURCE REPORT
fiende1665established
fiende
Seventeenth-century hidden-enemy proverb
- LANGUAGE
- Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- SAOB sense I.1.a, 1665 example
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SAOB locates the hater-versus-enemy contrast. The example is historically suggestive but does not by itself establish the prehistoric participial derivation.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
245SOURCE REPORT
calculus1666established
calculus
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for calculus
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, calculation sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported year; no underlying 1666 printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
246SOURCE REPORT
hotel1687established
hotel
English lexicographic first-use record for hotel
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
247SOURCE REPORT
fiend1694established
fiend
Fiend incarnate as a person
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- F. Bragge, Practical Discourses, p. 152
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports this malevolent-person use. It is a source-reported lexicographic occurrence, not a directly inspected primary object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
248SOURCE REPORT
fjendePeder Syv Viser, source-reported 1695established
fjende
Peder Syv song collection
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ODS sense 2, PSyv.Viser (1695), p. 586
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ODS reports the dated printed citation under collective wartime enemy. The underlying 1695 page was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
249SOURCE REPORT
avocado1696established
avocado
English lexicographic first-use record for avocado
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1696 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
250SOURCE REPORT
shaman1698established
shaman
English lexicographic first-use record for shaman
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1698 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
251SOURCE REPORT
algorithm1699established
algorithm
Source-reported English record for the algorithm spelling
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ALGORITHM entry
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported quotation attributed to the OED by MacTutor; the original Philosophical Transactions page was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
252SOURCE REPORT
poncho1717established
poncho
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
253SOURCE REPORT
fjendeHolberg Tyboe record, source-reported 1731established
fjende
Jacob von Tyboe
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Holbergordbog headword, Tyb (1731) V 8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Holbergordbog reports Fiænde in the 1731 text and Fiende in a 1742 version. No print object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
254SOURCE REPORT
tipi1743established
tipi
Merriam-Webster tepee / teepee / tipi spelling-family report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported year for the English spelling family; this is not proof that the exact spelling tipi occurs in that earliest token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
255SOURCE REPORT
alpaca1747established
alpaca
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
256SOURCE REPORT
kayak1757established
kayak
English lexicographic first-use record for kayak
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1757 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
257SOURCE REPORT
bayou1763established
bayou
English lexicographic first-use record for bayou
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1763 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
258SOURCE REPORT
taboo1777established
taboo
English lexicographic first-use record for taboo
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1777 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
259SOURCE REPORT
dimeFirst known coin use reported as 1786established
dime
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for dime
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, coin sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic date for the ten-cent coin. The older tenth-part word predates this sense.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
260SOURCE REPORT
humus1796established
humus
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for humus
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported year; no underlying printed scientific object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
261SOURCE REPORT
Freund1808, source-reportedestablished
Freund
Goethe, Faust I, Marthe on social order
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DWB Freund; Goethe bibliography link
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Grimm reports the printed-text quotation. The primary edition was not directly inspected, and the token demonstrates a supporter-of sense rather than an original meaning.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
262SOURCE REPORT
hospiceFirst known use reported as 1818established
hospice
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hospice
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, lodging sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The date belongs to the older lodging sense, not automatically to modern palliative care. The underlying primary object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
263SOURCE REPORT
boomerang1824established
boomerang
English lexicographic first-use record for boomerang
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1824 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
264SOURCE REPORT
چائے1834 Shakespear dictionary record, source-reportedprobable
چائے
John Shakespear dictionary entry reported by Faruqi
- LANGUAGE
- Urdu
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Interesting information — older چا and چا دان spellings
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Rekhta reports the 1834 dictionary forms. SET-U has not directly inspected the printed dictionary page; the record demonstrates an older spelling, not the origin date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
265SOURCE REPORT
kapu1836 Hawaiian dictionary recordestablished
kapu
Andrews Hawaiian dictionary entry
- LANGUAGE
- Hawaiian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ka-pu entries, Andrews 1836
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary record is reproduced by the institutional portal; SET-U has not inspected the original printed page as an artifact.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
266SOURCE REPORT
hogan1871established
hogan
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
267SOURCE REPORT
tapu1872 corpus example reported by Te Akaestablished
tapu
Te Waka Maori o Niu Tirani example
- LANGUAGE
- Māori
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Tapu definition 4; TWMNT 3/4/1872:58
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dated example is source-reported. SET-U has not directly inspected the underlying newspaper page.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
268SOURCE REPORT
sauna1881established
sauna
English lexicographic first-use record for sauna
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1881 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
269SOURCE REPORT
chthonic1882 first known useestablished
chthonic
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; no primary 1882 object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
270SOURCE REPORT
kimchi1888established
kimchi
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
271SOURCE REPORT
étymon1892established
étymon
CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French étymon
- LANGUAGE
- French
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Étymologie et Histoire: Guérin 1892
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use year; the Guérin volume was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
272SOURCE REPORT
robot1920established
robota
Source-reported coinage context in R.U.R.
- LANGUAGE
- Czech
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Did You Know?
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported literary coinage context; no first-edition page facsimile was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
273SOURCE REPORT
robot1922established
robot
English lexicographic first-use record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported first-use date; no underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
274SOURCE REPORT
algorithm1926established
algorithm
Lexicographic first-use record for Merriam-Webster's currently defined technical sense
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Sense-specific source-reported first-use date; it does not erase earlier records of the spelling with the numeral-system sense.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
275SOURCE REPORT
ubuntu1926established
ubuntu
G. Callaway, Fellowship of Veld, source-reported by DSAE
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense a, first quotation; Fellowship of Veld, p. 25
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary's located quotation was reviewed; the underlying 1926 book page was not directly inspected, so this remains a source-reported lexical record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
276SOURCE REPORT
чайVasmer etymological dictionary recordestablished
чай
Vasmer чай headword
- LANGUAGE
- Russian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- чай — etymology and Turkic comparisons
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The witness is the published etymological dictionary record, not the earliest Russian use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
277SOURCE REPORT
hassen1957 literary record, source-reportedestablished
hassen
Max Frisch, Homo faber
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DWDS example; Frisch, Homo faber, p. 80
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWDS supplies the located literary example. The printed book page was not directly inspected; the year identifies the work’s publication horizon rather than a first use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
278SOURCE REPORT
chaiFirst known use reported as 1984established
chai
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for chai
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use of chai
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic date for the modern English culinary sense. SET-U did not inspect the underlying primary object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
279SOURCE REPORT
emoticon1987established
emoticon
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1987 object or proof that the compound was first spoken or written in that year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
280SOURCE REPORT
qajaq1987 qajaq terminology recordestablished
qajaq
Qajaq. Inoqarfinni tamani
- LANGUAGE
- Greenlandic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Qajaq-terms — qajaq row
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The institutional terminology record is source-reported; no underlying 1987 page image was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
281SOURCE REPORT
fjendemodern example dated 1988 by sourceestablished
fjende
newspaper personal-enemy joke
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DDO sense 1.b, NyDag1988
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DDO supplies the dated example under the personal enemy or uven branch.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
282SOURCE REPORT
fjendemodern example dated 1991 by sourceestablished
fjende
schoolbook historical narrative
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DDO sense 1, skoleb1991
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DDO supplies the dated example for the ordinary personal and political enemy sense.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
283SOURCE REPORT
fjendemodern example dated 1992 by sourceestablished
fjende
newspaper ideological-opponent use
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DDO sense 1.c, JyP1992
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DDO supplies the dated example for opponents of an institution or political order.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
284SOURCE REPORT
fjendemodern example dated 1992 by sourceestablished
fjende
television figurative-threat use
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- DDO sense 1.d, TV21992
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DDO supplies the dated figurative example. Rain is not part of the inherited agent gloss; the record documents semantic extension.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
285SOURCE REPORT
emoji1997established
emoji
English lexicographic first-use record for emoji
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1997 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
286SOURCE REPORT
fiend2017established
fiend
Modern plural evil spirits
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- T. M. Lakomy, The Shadow Crucible, p. 210
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the modern plural under the demon sense. The source object was not directly inspected and no frequency claim is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
287SOURCE REPORT
vijand2017 corpus exampleestablished
vijand
Corpus Hedendaags Nederlands selection
- LANGUAGE
- Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ANW selected examples, 2017
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ANW supplies a contemporary plural example for a collective geopolitical enemy. The full source document was not directly inspected and no first-use claim is made.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
288SOURCE REPORT
çay2023 Güncel Türkçe Sözlük editionestablished
çay
Güncel Türkçe Sözlük headword
- LANGUAGE
- Turkish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- çay headword and current senses
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The year identifies the cited dictionary edition, not the first appearance of the word in Turkish.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
289SOURCE REPORT
chácurrent Infopédia lexical recordestablished
chá
Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa headword
- LANGUAGE
- Portuguese
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- chá — pronunciation, senses, and etymology
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The online institutional dictionary entry was inspected; this is a current lexical record, not a first-use claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
290SOURCE REPORT
vriendcurrent Dutch pronunciation recordestablished
vriend
WikiWoordenboek pronunciation entry
- LANGUAGE
- Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Uitspraak; IPA
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The community entry was inspected only for current IPA and syllable count. It does not establish ancestry, historical pronunciation, or first use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
291SOURCE REPORT
-logycurrent lexicographic recordestablished
-logy
Merriam-Webster noun combining-form entry
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- -logy, noun combining form
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary entry was inspected as a lexical record. It supplies no first-use date for the bound form and is not treated as a primary historical object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
292SOURCE REPORT
-rīxfirst-century BCE work, inspected through a 1914 digital editionestablished
-rīx
Dumnorix in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico
- LANGUAGE
- Gaulish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Book 1, section 18
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the host spelling Dumnorix in the passage; the internal -rīx analysis comes from the cited linguistic sources.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
293SOURCE REPORT
-rīxfirst-century BCE work, inspected through a 1914 digital editionestablished
-rīx
Vercingetorix in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico
- LANGUAGE
- Gaulish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Book 7, section 4
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the host spelling Vercingetorix in the passage; the internal -rīx analysis comes from the cited linguistic sources.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
294SOURCE REPORT
Feindearly modern German, source-reportedestablished
Feind
Deliverance from enemies
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Weckherlin 46, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the inflected plural in this edited quotation. The underlying historical object was not directly inspected and the dossier does not infer an exact year from the author name.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
295SOURCE REPORT
Feindearly modern German, source-reportedestablished
Feind
Wolf as enemy of game and livestock
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Logau 1, 108, 53, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports this nonhuman-predator use. It is a source-reported lexicographic witness, not a directly inspected edition or a first figurative use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
296SOURCE REPORT
Feindeighteenth-century German, source-reportedestablished
Feind
Enemy of the country
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Schiller 543b, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the country-enemy construction. The underlying edition was not directly inspected and no precise composition date is assigned.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
297SOURCE REPORT
Feindhistorical German, source-reportedestablished
Feind
Enemy’s mouth proverb
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Goethe, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the proverb in a Goethe quotation. This is source-reported; the historical object and exact work locator were not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
298SOURCE REPORT
Feindhistorical German, source-reportedestablished
Feind
Enemies in a vice-and-innocence contrast
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Rost, Schäfergedichte 46, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the plural human-enemy occurrence. The source edition was not directly inspected, and the excerpt is not presented as a complete verse or corpus count.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
299SOURCE REPORT
Feindeighteenth-century German, source-reportedestablished
Feind
Amor as an unwilling enemy
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Thümmel, Wilhelmine 23, as reported by DWB
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports this personal-enemy use. The quoted edition was not directly inspected, and the dossier makes no first-use or frequency claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
300SOURCE REPORT
HassMiddle High German literary record, source-reportedestablished
haʒ
Friendly hawking rivalry in Erec
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hasz, m., sense 1; Erec 2059
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the passage as evidence for rivalry in pursuit of a goal. The underlying edition or manuscript was not directly inspected, and the record does not claim that every medieval haʒ was friendly.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
301SOURCE REPORT
HassMiddle High German literary record, source-reportedprobable
haʒ
Hostile pursuit or action in Kudrun
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hasz, m., sense 1; Gudrun 638
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports this passage beneath the hostile-pursuit or action sense. The object was not directly inspected, and the short excerpt does not independently settle the word’s original meaning.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
302SOURCE REPORT
Hasscontemporary dictionary example, source-reportedestablished
Hass
Love turning into hate
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning examples
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Duden supplies a current usage example. It establishes semantic opposition in contemporary German, not shared ancestry between Liebe and Hass or a dated historical event.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
303SOURCE REPORT
Liebe10th centuryestablished
liubī
Old High German liubî record reported by the EWA article
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Band V, Spalte 1387; liubî paragraph
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary excerpt and dated source horizon were reviewed; no underlying manuscript image was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
304SOURCE REPORT
adverb15th centuryestablished
adverb
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for adverb
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fifteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
305SOURCE REPORT
betroth14th centuryestablished
betroth
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for betroth
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, verb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
306SOURCE REPORT
boy14th centuryestablished
boy
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for boy
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
307SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
eDIL citation from O'Curry manuscript material
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- O'Curry 2579; Eg. 88, 49(50)a
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL reports a contrast between cais and miscais. The cited manuscript object, full passage, and translation were not directly inspected, so the record does not assign an uncaveated sense to cais.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
308SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
eDIL citation from O'Curry manuscript material
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- O'Curry 2581; Eg. 88, 49(50)b
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL reports the paired forms. The manuscript pixels and complete syntax were not inspected; the contrast is evidence for contextual opposition, not a dated semantic transition.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
309SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
Ancient Laws of Ireland citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Laws v 460.20
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported lexicographic citation. It preserves cais beside miscais, but no manuscript object or independent translation was directly reviewed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
310SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
ACC citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ACC 51; dar cais caindénam
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL translates this as "instead of hatred well-doing". The quotation and translation are dictionary-reported, and the underlying witness was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
311SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
ACC and O'Clery citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ACC 51; quoted O'Cl.; ba mór a chais
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL translates the clause as his step-mother's hatred for him. The source establishes one negative reading without making hatred the only sense of the headword.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
312SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
Ailill and Aillinn citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- RC xiii 221.4; ba saincais-seom di Aillinn
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL translates this as the special love of Aillinn. The record is lexicographic rather than a direct inspection of the textual witness.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
313SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
Dánta Grádha citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Dánta Gr. 15.26
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL places this citation in the love side of the entry. The source-reported line does not establish an earliest use or exact date for the sense.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
314SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
metrical glossary citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Metr. Gl. D 60; caisi miosgois and caisi serc
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The glossary pairs the same headword with hatred and love glosses. This is strong lexicographic evidence for the opposition, not proof that both equations reflect one unchanged spoken sense.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
315SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedprobable
cais
O'Reilly poems citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- O'R Poems 2141; cais gach taidhg
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL translates this as the beloved of every poet. The dictionary citation was inspected, but not the underlying textual object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
316SOURCE REPORT
caisdate not normalized; source-reportedproposed
cais
Éigse citation in eDIL
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Éigse i 86.8; mo chais is cais 'na agaid
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
eDIL tentatively translates the line as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark and source-reported status are preserved; the record does not resolve whether the two visible forms have distinct senses in the original syntax.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
317SOURCE REPORT
candor14th centuryestablished
candor
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for candor
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, brightness sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century for the English brightness sense; no underlying medieval witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
318SOURCE REPORT
clewbefore the 12th centuryestablished
clew
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for clew
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun sense 1
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon for the literal ball-of-thread sense; no underlying Old or Middle English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
319SOURCE REPORT
conscience13th centuryestablished
conscience
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, moral-awareness sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected medieval object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
320SOURCE REPORT
dialogue13th centuryestablished
dialogue
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A secondary lexicographic century report, not a directly inspected medieval object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
321SOURCE REPORT
direct14th centuryestablished
direct
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for direct
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, verb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
322SOURCE REPORT
doughbefore the 12th centuryestablished
dough
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for dough
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying Old English manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
323SOURCE REPORT
female14th centuryestablished
female
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for female
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
324SOURCE REPORT
fiendebeginning of the 1300sestablished
fiande / fiände
Skåne-Lagen first-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Old Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- SO HISTORY, first attested line
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
SO reports the Old Swedish forms and dates the word to the beginning of the 1300s in Skåne-Lagen. The report was inspected; no law-manuscript object was directly inspected, and the date is not converted into a false point year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
325SOURCE REPORT
fiendemedieval Swedish; edition locator MP 5:147established
fiande / fiände
Söderwall Fiande, MP passage
- LANGUAGE
- Old Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- MP 5:147
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Söderwall’s dictionary supplies the displayed edition excerpt and locator. The spelling and punctuation are preserved from the digital lexical record; no medieval witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
326SOURCE REPORT
fiendemedieval Swedish; edition locator SpV 584established
fiande / fiände
Söderwall Fiande, Devil passage
- LANGUAGE
- Old Swedish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- SpV 584
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Söderwall files the passage under Fiande and its especially-Devil semantic branch. This is a source-reported edited text, not a directly inspected manuscript object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
327SOURCE REPORT
figure13th centuryestablished
figure
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for figure
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying medieval object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
328SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 7:15
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 7:15 [A], token fija
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the token as not verified but unambiguous for fijan. The palimpsest object was not directly inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
329SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 9:13
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 9:13 [A], token fijaida
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining first- versus third-person preterite ambiguity.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
330SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 11:28
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 11:28 [A], token fijandans
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila places this token in the not-verified-but-unambiguous verb group; Ayora Estevan analyzes the accusative plural as a present participle while noting wider constructional ambiguity.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
331SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 12:9
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 12:9 [A], token fiandans
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila assigns the token unambiguously to fijan. Ayora Estevan uses its accusative object ubila to diagnose verbal participial syntax.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
332SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Ephesians 5:29
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ephesians 5:29 [A], token fijaida
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining first- versus third-person preterite ambiguity. The object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
333SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 8:7
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 8:7 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The corpus marks the token lexically ambiguous. Ayora Estevan analyzes the construction as the independent enemy noun with a du-dative complement.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
334SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 12:20
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 12:20 [A], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both the verb and enemy-noun analyses. The A witness is retained separately from Codex Carolinus.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
335SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Carolinus, Romans 12:20
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 12:20 [Car], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both analyses and inventories the Carolinus reading separately from Ambrosianus A.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
336SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:25
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 1 Corinthians 15:25 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila preserves the lexically ambiguous surface token; Greek enemy context alone is not treated as a morphological proof.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
337SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:26
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 1 Corinthians 15:26 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both analyses for the token aligned with the last enemy, death.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
338SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Galatians 4:16
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Galatians 4:16 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila keeps both candidates; Ayora Estevan uses nominative inflection and predicative syntax to analyze the contextual noun enemy.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
339SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Philippians 3:18
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Philippians 3:18 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The A witness is one of the 21 overlap tokens shared by the fijan and fijands inventories.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
340SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus B, Philippians 3:18
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Philippians 3:18 [B], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The B witness is counted separately and remains lexically ambiguous in Project Wulfila.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
341SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, Colossians 1:21
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 1:21 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both candidates; the source-reported A witness is not directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
342SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus B, Colossians 1:21
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 1:21 [B], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila inventories the B witness separately while retaining the same lexical ambiguity.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
343SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus A, 2 Thessalonians 3:15
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 2 Thessalonians 3:15 [A], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both verb and noun analyses and retains several formal readings; the object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
344SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus B, 2 Thessalonians 3:15
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 2 Thessalonians 3:15 [B], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The B witness is a separate overlap record with the same unresolved lexical and morphosyntactic analyses.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
345SOURCE REPORT
fijanGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijan
Codex Ambrosianus D, Nehemiah 6:16
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Nehemiah 6:16 [D], token fiands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists the j-less token under both fijan and fijands. The surface spelling is preserved without deciding the noun-versus-participle question.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
346SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 8:7
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 8:7 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The palimpsest token is source-reported and explicitly ambiguous; its object was not directly inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
347SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 12:20
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 12:20 [A], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila preserves the A witness separately and marks its noun-versus-participle analysis unresolved.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
348SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Carolinus, Romans 12:20
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Romans 12:20 [Car], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The Carolinus witness duplicates the passage but remains a distinct manuscript token candidate, not a second historical usage event.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
349SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:25
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 1 Corinthians 15:25 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both lemma analyses and no direct object inspection is claimed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
350SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:26
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 1 Corinthians 15:26 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The adjacent verse is a separate token candidate but not evidence that every identical form is nominal.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
351SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, Galatians 4:16
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Galatians 4:16 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Ayora Estevan analyzes the context as the lexical noun enemy, while Project Wulfila keeps the automated token status formally ambiguous; both layers remain visible.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
352SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, Philippians 3:18
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Philippians 3:18 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The A witness is one ambiguous manuscript candidate.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
353SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus B, Philippians 3:18
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Philippians 3:18 [B], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The B witness is retained separately without converting manuscript duplication into usage frequency.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
354SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, Colossians 1:21
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 1:21 [A], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila lists both noun and participle analyses.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
355SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus B, Colossians 1:21
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 1:21 [B], token fijands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The second manuscript witness remains an ambiguous token candidate.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
356SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus A, 2 Thessalonians 3:15
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 2 Thessalonians 3:15 [A], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The A witness cannot be assigned by its surface form alone.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
357SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus B, 2 Thessalonians 3:15
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 2 Thessalonians 3:15 [B], token fijand
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The B witness is a second manuscript candidate, not a second securely distinct lexical event.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
358SOURCE REPORT
fijandsGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedproposed
fijands
Codex Ambrosianus D, Nehemiah 6:16
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Nehemiah 6:16 [D], token fiands
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The j-less form remains categorically ambiguous and the palimpsest object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
359SOURCE REPORT
fjendeknown since 1100–1300; no exact first token exposedestablished
fiende
Gammeldansk Ordbog headword record
- LANGUAGE
- Old Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword fiende; Kendt siden 1100–1300
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary supplies a broad known-since interval and the gloss fjende. The linked citation-card server did not yield an inspectable record, so no exact year, text, repository object, or first-use claim is added.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
360SOURCE REPORT
fjendeHolberg corpus; three-syllable scansionestablished
fjende
Peder Paars line
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Holbergordbog headword, Paars 45
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary files the line under three-syllable Fiende. This is an edited lexical and metrical report, not a recording or inspected first edition.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
361SOURCE REPORT
fjendeHolberg corpus; two-syllable scansionestablished
fjende
Peder Paars line
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Holbergordbog headword, Paars 99
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary files the line under two-syllable realization and compares Finde and Fînde spellings. No audio or underlying print object is claimed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
362SOURCE REPORT
fjendehistorical religious use; source-reportedestablished
fjende
the old enemy as the Devil
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ODS sense 1.1 and supplement
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ODS explicitly identifies the phrase as a religious use for the Devil. It is a semantic branch, not the noun’s sole or original Danish meaning.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
363SOURCE REPORT
fjendehistorical animal use; source-reportedestablished
fjende
lamb and wolf example
- LANGUAGE
- Danish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ODS sense 1.2, Tullin II.61
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ODS files the example under extension to animals. The citation is source-reported and the underlying edition was not inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
364SOURCE REPORT
fjáOld Norse normalized poetic text; source-reportedestablished
fjá
Hýmiskviða 22
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Skaldic Project Teaching Texts, Hýmiskviða 22
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The normalized teaching text was inspected and Cleasby, Fritzner, and Lexicon Poeticum locate the verb in this stanza. No manuscript object, exact composition date, or first-use status is claimed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
365SOURCE REPORT
fjáOld Norse normalized poetic text; source-reportedprobable
fjá
Lokasenna 35
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Voluspa.org literal text, Lokasenna 35
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The normalized verse gives the finite form fíár in the clause whom no one hates. Cleasby and Fritzner independently locate the verb at Lokasenna 35. The transcription is not a manuscript inspection, and Skaldic Project's parallel old-edition surface warns that it should not be cited as a checked edition.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
366SOURCE REPORT
fjáOld Norse normalized poetic text; source-reportedestablished
fjá
Skírnismál 33
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Skaldic Project Teaching Texts, Skírnismál 33
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The teaching text preserves the reflexive form fiásk in a curse context. Cleasby, Zoëga, and Fritzner classify the reflexive with fjá. No manuscript object or exact composition date was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
367SOURCE REPORT
fjándiOld Norse prose corpus; source-reportedestablished
fjándi
Enemy and unfriendly-person contrast
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP sense 1, ÓH619 111:8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the phrase under enemy or opponent. The edited database record was inspected, not its underlying manuscript object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
368SOURCE REPORT
fjándiOld Norse prose corpus; source-reportedestablished
fjándi
Friends-versus-enemies formula
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP sense 1, GrgKon I 206:8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP preserves a direct textual opposition between kin or friends and enemies. The collocation is not evidence that frændi and fjándi are cognates.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
369SOURCE REPORT
fjándiOld Norse prose corpus; source-reportedestablished
fjándi
Pagan-god semantic branch
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP sense 4, KlmB x 161:26
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the clause under pagan god or heathen god. The evidence establishes a contextual branch, not the inherited core meaning.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
370SOURCE REPORT
fjándiOld Norse prose corpus; source-reportedestablished
fjándi
Evil-spirit semantic branch
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP sense 3, Páll II A 253:4
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the exorcism context under evil spirit. No manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
371SOURCE REPORT
fjándiOld Norse prose corpus; source-reportedestablished
fjándi
Devil or Satan semantic branch
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP sense 5, HómÍsl 24 (1993) 35v:21
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the passage under the Devil, fiend, or Satan and aligns it with Latin antiquus hostis. The edited citation is not treated as a manuscript inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
372SOURCE REPORT
fjándiOld Norse prose corpus; source-reportedestablished
fjándi
Derogatory term applied to an animal
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP sense 6, Þiðr II x 393:23
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP’s sixth sense includes hated or bewitched people, animals, and objects; this context applies the term to a horse. It demonstrates semantic extension without making horse part of the inherited gloss.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
373SOURCE REPORT
friendOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Beowulf, Heorot filled with friends
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.1a; Beowulf 1018
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the edited Old English line. No manuscript object was directly inspected, and the record does not claim first use or an exact composition year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
374SOURCE REPORT
friendOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Alexander's Letter to Aristotle, beloved teacher as friend
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.1a; translation of Alexander's Letter to Aristotle §2.224
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED supplies the source-reported quotation and locator. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
375SOURCE REPORT
friendlate Old English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
King Alfred's translation of Augustine, degrees of friendship
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.1a; Soliloquies, MS Vitellius, i.16
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED reports the manuscript-based edition quotation. The Vitellius object was not directly inspected, and the wording does not prove a first use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
376SOURCE REPORT
frændimanuscript dated circa 1300–1325 by ONPestablished
frændi
Njáls saga, a kinsman addressed directly
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP citation c198890; NjR 10:10; AM 468 4°
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the line under kinsman, relative, or son and supplies a manuscript date range. No single representative year or directly inspected manuscript token is claimed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
377SOURCE REPORT
frændimanuscript dated circa 1360–1400 by ONPestablished
frændi
Jónsbók, the nearest relative as heir
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP citation c198323; Jb 94:1; AM 351 fol
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP supplies the legal context, shelfmark, and manuscript range. The record demonstrates a relative sense without claiming a first use or direct object inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
378SOURCE REPORT
frændiOld Norse prose corpus; manuscript date unresolved in ONP recordestablished
frændi
Andréss saga postula, foster-brother variant
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP citation c179450; Andr SÁM 1 37vb:33; SÁM 1
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP files the reading under foster brother or companion and exposes the fostbroður variant. Its citation page gives no manuscript date, so SET-U leaves the numeric year unresolved and claims no direct object inspection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
379SOURCE REPORT
frēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Elene, friend and foe antithesis
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Elene 954; Elen. Kmbl. 1904; Exon. 43a
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the edited antithetical phrase. No manuscript object was directly inspected for this record, and the pairing does not make the words cognates.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
380SOURCE REPORT
frēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Gospel translation, friend of publicans and sinners
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Matthew 11:19; Luke 7:34
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the Old English gloss against Latin amicus. The record supports a relational epithet, not one exhaustive definition of frēond.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
381SOURCE REPORT
frēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, friend of God
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Chronicle 654 and 656; Erl. 29:12 and 32:28
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller supplies the edited Chronicle occurrence. The underlying manuscript token was not inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
382SOURCE REPORT
frēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Metres of Boethius, lord regards neither friend nor foe
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Metres of Boethius 25:16; Fox 25:31
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller reports the friend-versus-foe contrast. This remains a source-reported lexical witness.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
383SOURCE REPORT
frēondOld English law, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Laws of Æthelberht, friends arbitrate
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Laws of Æthelberht 65; Thorpe i.18:14
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Bosworth–Toller glosses the friends as arbitrators. The citation demonstrates a social and legal role without proving that every frēond was a formal arbitrator.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
384SOURCE REPORT
frēondOld English, source-reportedestablished
frēond
Rushworth Gospels, relatives rise against one another
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning A.3; Rushworth Gospels, Matthew 10:21
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
OED files the Mercian reading under close relation or kinsman and contrasts the West Saxon Gospels reading magas. The manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
385SOURCE REPORT
fīanteighth century; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Old High German headword horizon
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Pfeifer etymology, fīant and fījant
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWDS/Pfeifer reports the forms from the eighth century. No token, manuscript object, or exact first year was inspected, so the century is not converted into a false point date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
386SOURCE REPORT
fīantninth-century Old High German Tatian; edited textestablished
fīant
Old High German Tatian, weeds parable
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sievers 1892, p. 96; T 72,2; Matthew 13:25
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The bilingual edition aligns fiiant with Latin inimicus eius. The digital text page was inspected, but no manuscript image, facsimile, or object was inspected, so directly_inspected remains false.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
387SOURCE REPORT
fīantOld High German Tatian; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Old High German Tatian, Devil interpretation
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB T 76,4
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB locates the enemy in the parable and its explicit interpretation as the Devil. This is a dictionary-reported edition record, not a directly inspected witness object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
388SOURCE REPORT
fīantOld High German Tatian; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Old High German Tatian, Herod and Pilate
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB T 196,8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB aligns the plural with Latin inimici and locates ordinary interpersonal or political enemy use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
389SOURCE REPORT
fīantninth-century Ludwigslied; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Ludwigslied, public or military enemies
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB S 86,53
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB files the line under the public or military enemy sense. The dictionary notes that part of the ending is no longer legible in the witness tradition; no object was inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
390SOURCE REPORT
fīantninth-century Otfrid; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Otfrid, the Devil as enemy to man
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB O 3,10,12
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB uses the clause inside the fixed fîant uuesan group and the spiritual or Devil semantic field.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
391SOURCE REPORT
fīantOld High German source record; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Panther and dragon formula
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB S 124,19
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB aligns the construction with Latin inimicum sit and uses it as evidence for the fixed formula in which participial history may remain visible.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
392SOURCE REPORT
fīantOld High German Notker record; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Notker psalm commentary, hostile-to-me formula
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB NpNpw 138,22
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB groups the clause under fîant uuesan and prints the neighboring hate verb. It is strong semantic and syntactic context, not a directly inspected manuscript object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
393SOURCE REPORT
fīantOld High German Notker record; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Notker, make hostile formula
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB Nb 156,24 [168,7]
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB files the clause under fîant mahhôn, make someone an enemy or hostile.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
394SOURCE REPORT
fīantOld High German source record; source-reportedestablished
fīant
Regard as enemy or hate formula
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB S 106,21
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB aligns the construction with perfecto odio oderam illos and explains zi fîante tuon as regard as an enemy or hate.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
395SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 53:7
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 053,07; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a dative-plural record and an editorial reading fiundon. The later copy was not directly inspected, and the language-period range is not a manuscript-object date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
396SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 54:3
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 054,03; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a genitive-singular fiundes aligned with Latin inimici. The record is dictionary-reported and no manuscript object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
397SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 54:13
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 054,13; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a nominative-singular fiunt in an enemy clause aligned with Latin inimicus. The surviving copy was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
398SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 55:10
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 055,10; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a nominative-plural fiunda meaning my enemies. No original tenth-century object is claimed.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
399SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 58:2
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 058,02; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a dative-plural fiundun aligned with Latin inimicis. The later copy was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
400SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 60:4
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 060,04; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a genitive-singular fiundis aligned with Latin inimici. No manuscript object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
401SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1701–1800established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 67:22
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript I, 067,22; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports the single genitive-plural fiundo in its inflection table. The eighteenth-century copy date is preserved separately from the Old Dutch language date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
402SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1701–1800established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 68:19
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript I, 068,19; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports fiunda in an accusative-plural enemy phrase. The record belongs to a later copy and was not directly inspected at object level.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
403SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy 1701–1800established
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 73:3
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript I, 073,03; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a second displayed nominative-singular fiunt. The source record, not an original manuscript object, was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
404SOURCE REPORT
fīunt1151–1175; language assignment boundaryprobable
fīunt
Groningen psalm glosses
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; CG 135,10; Groningen
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW displays the dative-plural fiundum but explicitly says the Groningen psalm glosses are counted as Old Frisian. The row preserves that boundary and does not use the token as uncomplicated Old Dutch proof.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
405SOURCE REPORT
fīunt1151–1200established
fīunt
Middle Franconian rhymed text, recension B
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Mfr.Reimb. B, line 564; Werden, Essen?
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW marks viannden as sic and reports the Werden or Essen localization with uncertainty. No object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
406SOURCE REPORT
fīunt1151–1200established
fīunt
Middle Franconian rhymed text, recension A
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Mfr.Reimb. A, line 350; Werden, Essen?
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports a nominative-plural uiande and an uncertain Werden or Essen localization. The record is source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
407SOURCE REPORT
fīunt901–1000; surviving copy circa 1598proposed
fīunt
Wachtendonck Psalms glosses, Habakkuk 3:5
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 2; WPs glosses, Abac. 003,05; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports that most editions read fiunt, Heyne proposed an error for diufil, and the initial D has competing analyses. This is not promoted as a secure Devil token or a directly inspected tenth-century object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
408SOURCE REPORT
fīēneighth- or ninth-century Alemannic manuscript; source-reportedestablished
fīēn
Rule text, preterite form
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB S 199,19 (B)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB prints the bilingual record under the first meaning group. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected and no exact year is assigned.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
409SOURCE REPORT
fīēneighth- or ninth-century Alemannic manuscript; source-reportedestablished
fīēn
Rule text, infinitive with one’s own will
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB S 205,30 (B)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB aligns the infinitive with Latin odire. The source record supports hate or reject one’s own will without licensing a point-date first-use claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
410SOURCE REPORT
fīēneighth- or ninth-century Alemannic manuscript; source-reportedestablished
fīēn
Rule text, infinitive with no person
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB S 206,3 (B)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB prints the bilingual record in the hate or be-hostile meaning group. The manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
411SOURCE REPORT
fīēneighth- or ninth-century Alemannic manuscript; source-reportedprobable
fīēn
Gloss record, present participle
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB Gl 1,120,10 (K)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB says the Latin adjective is translated with the present participle here, while another witness may instead have the lexicalized noun fîant or a word-order exchange. The ambiguity remains explicit.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
412SOURCE REPORT
fīēneighth- or ninth-century Alemannic gloss; source-reportedprobable
fīēn
Passio Bartholomaei gloss, past participle
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB Gl 2,742,31 (Ja)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB inventories the accusative plural masculine past-participle form and says the record cannot be assigned more narrowly. No manuscript object was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
413SOURCE REPORT
fīēneighth- or ninth-century Alemannic gloss; source-reportedestablished
fīēn
Esther 14:15 gloss, infinitive
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- AWB Gl 1,493,51 (Rf)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
AWB files the Esther gloss under abhor or reject something. The biblical locator and lexical alignment are source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
414SOURCE REPORT
girl14th centuryestablished
girl
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for girl
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
415SOURCE REPORT
hassenOld High German record, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequamur
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the form and Latin alignment through Graff. Neither the underlying edition nor a manuscript object was directly inspected, and no exact year or universal meaning is asserted.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
416SOURCE REPORT
hassenOld High German record, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequuntur
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the form and Latin alignment through Graff. The underlying object was not directly inspected, and the record does not prove that every Old High German use was pursuit.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
417SOURCE REPORT
hassenMiddle High German literary record, source-reportedestablished
haʒʒen
Iwein occurrence in BMZ
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- haʒʒe, swv.; Iwein 270
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
BMZ reports the located literary occurrence. No edition or manuscript object was directly inspected, and the short clause supports a disliked object without defining the whole verb.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
418SOURCE REPORT
hassencontemporary dictionary example, source-reportedestablished
hassen
Strong-aversion construction
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning 2, examples
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Duden supplies a current example with a clausal object. It was not directly inspected in an underlying speech or print event and does not assign identical intensity to every use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
419SOURCE REPORT
hataAM 645 4° manuscript c1225-1250; source-reportedestablished
hata
Páls saga postula
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP c265665; Páll¹ 21617
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP assigns the token to sense one, persecute, and aligns it with Latin quem tu persequeris in Acts 9:5. The exact manuscript leaf behind the edited page was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
420SOURCE REPORT
hataNKS 1824 b 4° manuscript c1400-1425; source-reportedestablished
hata
Ragnars saga loðbrókar
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ONP c818600; Ragn 13612
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP assigns the clause to despise, reject, or cast aside. It is distinct from the disputed poetic gold-spending formula and the underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
421SOURCE REPORT
hateBeowulf line 2319established
hatian
Electronic Beowulf critical edition report of hatode
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Verse line 2319
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The current critical edition and line locator were reviewed through its public description and secondary concordance; the manuscript image itself was not directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
422SOURCE REPORT
hateBeowulf line 2466established
hatian
Electronic Beowulf critical edition report of hatian
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Verse line 2466
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The cited edition identifies the unique manuscript and verse line; without direct image inspection, this remains a source-reported lexical record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
423SOURCE REPORT
hatiamanuscript J dated 1520-1540; source-reportedestablished
hatia
Register to Jus Municipale Frisonum
- LANGUAGE
- Old Frisian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- J-RgJ, indexed sequence 100-105
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The corpus supplies the surface hatijen and lemmatizes it under hatia in a prohibition involving harm and hindrance on the army road. The manuscript pixels and a full diplomatic edition were not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
424SOURCE REPORT
hatiatext dated 1220-1300; manuscript J dated 1520-1540; source-reportedestablished
hatia
Book of Rudolf
- LANGUAGE
- Old Frisian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- J-Rud, indexed hit for hatia
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The corpus supplies the surface hatie in a ban concerning the army road through the land or toward a toll market or religious house. Text and manuscript dates are kept separate, and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
425SOURCE REPORT
hatiaCodex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reportedprobable
hatia
Jurisprudentia Frisica
- LANGUAGE
- Old Frisian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ro-JF, line group 15, first hatia result
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The corpus lemmatizes hata under hatia in a passage about writing that goes against or harms a man. Because no full translation or manuscript image was inspected, the contextual gloss remains probable.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
426SOURCE REPORT
hatiaCodex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reportedprobable
hatia
Jurisprudentia Frisica
- LANGUAGE
- Old Frisian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ro-JF, second hatia result
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The corpus lemmatizes hata under hatia in a family-law passage. The exact syntax and sense were not promoted beyond a probable harm or adversity context because no full translation or manuscript image was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
427SOURCE REPORT
hatiaCodex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reportedestablished
hatia
Jurisprudentia Frisica
- LANGUAGE
- Old Frisian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ro-JF, line group 5, third hatia result
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The corpus supplies hatien in a theological statement that God especially hates the perjurer, lying tongue, and false witnesses. The transcription is source-reported and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
428SOURCE REPORT
hatianOld English West Saxon Gospel recordestablished
hatian
John 7:7 occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Jn. Bos. 7, 7
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A located dictionary report with a textual locator, not a directly inspected manuscript token or earliest-use claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
429SOURCE REPORT
hatianOld English Pastoral Care recordestablished
hatian
Pastoral Care occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Past. 18; Swt. 137, 4
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The edited occurrence is source-reported. It establishes vices as the object in this passage, not a universal definition.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
430SOURCE REPORT
hatianOld English Pastoral Care recordestablished
hatian
Sweet’s edited Pastoral Care distinction
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- p. 353, lines 5–8
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The located scholarly edition distinguishes loving what enemies are from hating what they do. The underlying manuscript image was not directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
431SOURCE REPORT
hatianBeowulf line 2466established
hatian
Electronic Beowulf critical-edition report of hatian
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Verse line 2466
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The critical-edition locator anchors the occurrence; the manuscript image itself remains uninspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
432SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Ephesians 2:3
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ephesians 2:3 [A], barna hatize
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila reports the token as unambiguous but not directly verified in this review. The record preserves the A reading and does not promote the automated genitive-plural analysis over the historical-grammar treatment.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
433SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 2:3
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ephesians 2:3 [B], barna hatis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila reports the token as morphosyntactically ambiguous and not directly verified here. Historical grammars treat it as a genitive problem; the record does not relabel the visible hatis as a nominative simply because the form is syncretic.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
434SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Ephesians 4:31
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ephesians 4:31 [A], alla baitrei jah hatis jah þwairhei
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token, not a directly inspected manuscript object. The adjacent Greek thumos and orgē make the exact lexical alignment uncertain.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
435SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 4:31
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ephesians 4:31 [B], alla baitrei jah hatis jah þwairhei
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token, not a directly inspected manuscript object. The duplicate verse witness is counted separately because Project Wulfila inventories A and B independently.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
436SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 5:6
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ephesians 5:6 [B], qimiþ hatis gudis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē in a divine-wrath clause. The underlying palimpsest was not directly inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
437SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Galatians 5:20
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Galatians 5:20 [A], aljan, hatiza, jiukos
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek plural thumoi. The context supports nominative plural, but the manuscript object was not directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
438SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Galatians 5:20
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Galatians 5:20 [B], aljan, hatiza, jiukos
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek plural thumoi. A and B are separate corpus witnesses, not two independent historical meanings.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
439SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Colossians 3:6
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 3:6 [A], qimiþ hatis gudis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē in the wrath-of-God clause. The manuscript object was not directly inspected here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
440SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Colossians 3:6
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 3:6 [B], qimiþ hatis gudis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē. The duplicate A and B readings are retained as distinct witnesses.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
441SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Colossians 3:8
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 3:8 [A], hatis, þwairhein, unselein
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token in an anger-and-wrath list. The manuscript object was not directly inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
442SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Colossians 3:8
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Colossians 3:8 [B], hatis, þwairhein, unselein
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token in an anger-and-wrath list. A and B remain separate evidence records.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
443SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, 1 Thessalonians 2:16
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 1 Thessalonians 2:16 [B], hatis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Project Wulfila reports the token in the current lemma inventory; the exact manuscript line was not directly inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
444SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, 1 Thessalonians 5:9
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- 1 Thessalonians 5:9 [B], ni satida uns guþ in hatis
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē in the appointed-to-wrath clause. The object and morphosyntactic case were not independently verified here.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
445SOURCE REPORT
hatisGothic manuscript corpus, date not normalizedprobable
hatis
Skeireins Lat5750 corpus record, 8:5
- LANGUAGE
- Gothic
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Skeireins 8:5 [Lat5750], miþ hatiza andhofun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported commentary token analyzed in context as dative singular. The underlying palimpsest or folio was not directly inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
446SOURCE REPORT
hatrOld Norse prose corpus, source-reportedestablished
hatr
Definition-like account of hatr
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ²hatr, citation beginning Hattr er þa
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP reports this definition-like passage under the main neuter sense. No manuscript or edition object was directly inspected, and the passage is evidence for a historical explanation rather than the word’s universal essence.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
447SOURCE REPORT
hatrOld Norse prose corpus, source-reportedestablished
hatr
Love-and-hate temporal opposition
- LANGUAGE
- Old Norse
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ²hatr, citation beginning Time gráts ok látrs
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONP aligns the phrase with Latin tempus dilectionis et tempus odii. The record establishes textual semantic opposition, not shared ancestry between the love and hate words; the underlying object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
448SOURCE REPORT
hatredMiddle English text, edition page 65established
hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn
English prose works of Richard Rolle, selected edition
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Page 65 in the Middle English Compendium transcription
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The public corpus transcription was inspected, but the record remains source-reported because no manuscript leaf or facsimile was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
449SOURCE REPORT
hatredMiddle English text, edition page 88established
hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn
English prose works of Richard Rolle, selected edition
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Page 88 in the Middle English Compendium transcription
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A second corpus spelling. The underlying manuscript object remains to be linked in the witness audit.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
450SOURCE REPORT
hatōnHeliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth centuryestablished
hatan
Heliand manuscript C, enemy command
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 1451 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports the manuscript-C infinitive haton at the same verse where M writes hatan. Biblissima independently catalogs Cotton Caligula A VII as an English copy from the middle or second half of the tenth century, but the exact folio pixels were not inspected for this token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
451SOURCE REPORT
hatōnHeliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth centuryprobable
hatan
Heliand manuscript C, arrest scene
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 4915 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports hettendero as the C reading corresponding to M hatandiero and indexes it under both the verb and the enemy noun. The Cotton object was not directly inspected for this token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
452SOURCE REPORT
hatōnHeliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth centuryestablished
hatan
Heliand manuscript C, preterite locus
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 5423 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports third-person singular preterite hatoda at Heliand 5423 in manuscript C. No underlying page was directly inspected, and this row does not infer a universal emotional state from the inflection.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
453SOURCE REPORT
hatōnOld Saxon gloss record; exact object date unresolvedprobable
hatan
GlG bilingual gloss
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Wa 62, 12b = SAGA 70, 12b; not in Steinmeyer
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports the infinitive aligned with Latin odisse. The underlying gloss object and its exact date were not directly inspected; one bilingual equivalence is not a complete semantic history.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
454SOURCE REPORT
hazzōnOld High German lexical record, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin aemulari
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the normalized form and Latin alignment through Graff. Neither the underlying edition nor a manuscript object was directly inspected, and aemulari does not force one English gloss in every context.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
455SOURCE REPORT
hazzōnOld High German lexical record, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequamur
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the form and Latin alignment through Graff. Neither the underlying edition nor a manuscript object was directly inspected, and no exact year, headword spelling, or universal meaning is asserted.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
456SOURCE REPORT
hazzōnOld High German lexical record, source-reportedprobable
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequuntur
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
DWB reports the form and Latin alignment through Graff. The underlying object was not directly inspected, and the record does not prove that every Old High German use was pursuit.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
457SOURCE REPORT
heteOld English gospel-gloss recordestablished
hete
Rushworth Gospel gloss reported by Bosworth–Toller
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Mt. Kmbl. Rush. 22, 18
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A located dictionary report, not a directly inspected manuscript token or earliest-use claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
458SOURCE REPORT
heteOld English prose recordestablished
hete
Old English reader occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Swt. A. S. Rdr. 106, 70
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The edited occurrence is source-reported; no underlying manuscript image was inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
459SOURCE REPORT
heteOld English poetic recordestablished
hete
Beowulf occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- B. 2554
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary supplies the quotation and line locator. The unique manuscript leaf was not directly inspected for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
460SOURCE REPORT
hetiHeliand composition circa 830–840; later Cotton witnessestablished
heti
Heliand manuscript C, Beatitudes persecution clause
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 1322 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports the same accusative singular spelling in manuscript C. The Cotton object is cataloged separately, but the exact token pixels were not located and inspected in this review.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
461SOURCE REPORT
hetiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Vatican fragment witness date not normalized hereestablished
heti
Heliand manuscript V, Beatitudes persecution clause
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 1322 V
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports the same accusative singular spelling in manuscript V. No exact Vatican folio image was located and inspected for this token, so this remains a source-reported reading.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
462SOURCE REPORT
hetiOld Saxon Genesis witness; object date not normalized hereestablished
heti
Old Saxon Genesis dative occurrence
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Genesis 60
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports dative singular heti at Genesis 60. The underlying object and full passage were not directly inspected, so this row does not claim a first use, one exact translation, or a complete Genesis semantic context.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
463SOURCE REPORT
hettanOld English corpus inventoryprobable
hettan
Dictionary of Old English Corpus form type lemmatized by Tío Sáenz
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- p. 255
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
This is a corpus-based lemma assignment, not a directly inspected manuscript token. It supports hettan only through the form hettende and does not attest the infinitive itself.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
464SOURCE REPORT
hettanOld English Genesis recordestablished
hettan
Hettend form reported by Bosworth–Toller
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Gen. 2011
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary lexicalizes hettend here as “enemy.” It is evidence for the family’s recorded surface shape, not a claim that the infinitive hettan occurs in this line.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
465SOURCE REPORT
hettanOld English Phoenix recordprobable
hettan
Bright’s edited Phoenix, preserved in the Exeter Book
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- The Phoenix, section VII, lines corresponding to Ph. 441–442
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The context supports “enemies” or “persecutors,” but the form can be parsed lexically or participially. The edition was inspected; the manuscript image was not.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
466SOURCE REPORT
hetzenModern German lexicographic recordestablished
hetzen
Duden modern sense inventory
- LANGUAGE
- German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Meaning group 1.2
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A current dictionary record, not a first-use claim or a directly inspected primary object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
467SOURCE REPORT
hetzenMiddle High German poetic recordestablished
hetzen / hatzen
Reinhart Fuchs record reported by MHDWB
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- ReinFu K, 311
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The historical dictionary record was inspected; the underlying manuscript witness was not.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
468SOURCE REPORT
hetzenMiddle High German transferred-use recordestablished
hetzen / hatzen
Der Renner record reported by MHDWB
- LANGUAGE
- Middle High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Renner 645
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Supports medieval transfer from hunting to human conflict without claiming the first such use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
469SOURCE REPORT
hospitality14th centuryestablished
hospitality
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for hospitality
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, reception-of-guests sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century; no underlying medieval witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
470SOURCE REPORT
hostelFirst known use reported as the 14th centuryestablished
hostel
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hostel
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century. No underlying fourteenth-century primary object was directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
471SOURCE REPORT
human15th centuryestablished
human
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for human
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
472SOURCE REPORT
humble13th centuryestablished
humble
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for humble
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying medieval object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
473SOURCE REPORT
humiliationlate 14th-century Middle English corpus recordestablished
humiliacioun
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson’s Tale
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Harvard spelling index: humiliacioun n 1
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The edited text and index were inspected, but no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected and the occurrence is not claimed as the universally first English use.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
474SOURCE REPORT
humility14th century first known useestablished
humility
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Word History: First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying medieval object was directly inspected, and the horizon is not treated as a coinage date.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
475SOURCE REPORT
husband13th centuryestablished
husband
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for husband
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
476SOURCE REPORT
hōtiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth centuryestablished
hōti
Heliand manuscript C, Pilate question
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 5183 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports nominative plural huotia at the same lexical locus where M writes hotie. The Cotton object is separately cataloged, but this exact token's pixels were not inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
477SOURCE REPORT
hōtiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth centuryestablished
hōti
Heliand manuscript C, accusation before Pilate
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 5246 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports accusative singular huotian at the same lexical locus where M writes hotean. The exact Cotton page was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
478SOURCE REPORT
hōtiHeliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth centuryestablished
hōti
Heliand manuscript C, Herod and his host
- LANGUAGE
- Old Saxon
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Heliand 5285 C
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Köbler reports nominative singular masculine huoti in the clause where the worldly king becomes hostile or enraged in mind. This is the key evidence that the trailing star cannot simply mean “no nominative is attested.” The Cotton token remains source-reported.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
479SOURCE REPORT
intellect14th centuryestablished
intellect
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for intellect
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, capacity-for-knowledge sense
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century; no underlying medieval witness was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
480SOURCE REPORT
kinOld English dictionary recordestablished
cynn
Bosworth–Toller lexical record for cynn
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword CYN, cynn; Exodus 351 example
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A digitized historical-lexicon record with located Old English examples. No manuscript object was directly inspected and this is not promoted as the earliest surviving occurrence.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
481SOURCE REPORT
kindredMiddle English dictionary recordestablished
kinrede / kindrede
Middle English Dictionary suffix record for kinrede
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- MED36311, definition 1(c)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The suffix entry identifies kinrede and its semantic range but is not promoted as a directly inspected manuscript token or an earliest-use claim.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
482SOURCE REPORT
kingMiddle English dictionary recordestablished
king / kyng
Middle English Dictionary lexical record for king
- LANGUAGE
- Middle English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- MED24299, Forms and Etymology
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The dictionary entry was inspected, not any one underlying medieval manuscript. It verifies the reported forms and ancestry, not one earliest physical witness.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
483SOURCE REPORT
kingOld English dictionary recordestablished
cyning
Bosworth–Toller lexical record for cyning
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword cyning; Matthew 2:2 example
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A digitized historical-lexicon record with located Old English examples. No manuscript object was directly inspected and this is not promoted as the earliest surviving occurrence.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
484SOURCE REPORT
ladybefore the 12th centuryestablished
lady
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for lady
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
485SOURCE REPORT
legible15th centuryestablished
legible
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A secondary lexicographic century report, not a directly inspected early printed or manuscript object.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
486SOURCE REPORT
lessonFirst known use reported as the 13th centuryestablished
lesson
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for lesson
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported century for the noun. No specific medieval manuscript was directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
487SOURCE REPORT
liebOld High German periodestablished
liob
Old High German historical-form record for liob reported by Duden
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Herkunft: mittelhochdeutsch liep, althochdeutsch liob
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The lexicographic historical-form report was reviewed. No underlying Old High German manuscript occurrence or image was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
488SOURCE REPORT
lief1276–1300established
lief
Lutgart A, as reported by the Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Lutg.A p. 57, lines 20–23
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The period-dictionary record and excerpt were reviewed; the underlying manuscript or edition image was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
489SOURCE REPORT
loafbefore the 12th centuryestablished
loaf
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for the loaf noun
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying medieval object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
490SOURCE REPORT
loafOld English lexical recordestablished
hlāf
Bosworth-Toller hlāf lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Old English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Ex. 29, 23
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Dictionary-reported Old English example and locator; the underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
491SOURCE REPORT
lordbefore the 12th centuryestablished
lord
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for lord
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
492SOURCE REPORT
male14th centuryestablished
male
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for male
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
493SOURCE REPORT
manbefore the 12th centuryestablished
man
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for man
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
494SOURCE REPORT
person13th centuryestablished
person
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for person
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
495SOURCE REPORT
prescient1620sprobable
prescient
Online Etymology Dictionary source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- Headword opening chronology
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A secondary lexicographic decade report, not a directly inspected seventeenth-century object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
496SOURCE REPORT
prologue14th centuryestablished
prologue
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A secondary lexicographic century report, not a directly inspected medieval object or proof of coinage.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
497SOURCE REPORT
proverb14th centuryestablished
proverb
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for proverb
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun (1)
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
498SOURCE REPORT
realm13th centuryestablished
realm
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for realm
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying thirteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
499SOURCE REPORT
regal15th centuryestablished
regal
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for regal
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fifteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
500SOURCE REPORT
regular14th centuryestablished
regular
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for regular
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
501SOURCE REPORT
regulate15th centuryestablished
regulate
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for regulate
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, verb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fifteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
502SOURCE REPORT
richbefore 12th centuryestablished
rich
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for rich
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying Old English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
503SOURCE REPORT
rightbefore 12th centuryestablished
right
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for right
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying Old English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
504SOURCE REPORT
royal14th centuryestablished
royal
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for royal
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
505SOURCE REPORT
rule13th centuryestablished
rule
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for rule
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying thirteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
506SOURCE REPORT
ríOld and Middle Irish corpus recordestablished
rí
eDIL lexical record for rí
- LANGUAGE
- Old Irish
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword rí
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Dictionary and corpus record, not a directly inspected manuscript token or a claim for the single earliest occurrence.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
507SOURCE REPORT
rājāVedic and Classical Sanskrit lexical recordestablished
rājā
Monier-Williams lexical record for rājan and rāja
- LANGUAGE
- Sanskrit
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Entries rājan and rāja
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Historical dictionary record citing Sanskrit literature; no individual manuscript leaf was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
508SOURCE REPORT
rēxfirst-century BCE poem, inspected through an 1881 digital editionestablished
rēx
rēx in Vergil’s Aeneid
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Book 1, line 544
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the nominative token and its context, not the earliest use of rēx.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
509SOURCE REPORT
rēxfirst-century BCE poem, inspected through an 1881 digital editionestablished
rēgis
rēgis in Vergil’s Aeneid
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Book 9, line 286
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies a genitive token; the morphological analysis comes from the cited lexicon and MIT materials.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
510SOURCE REPORT
rēxnineteenth-century historical lexicon record of ancient Latin usageestablished
rēx
Lewis and Short lexical record for rēx
- LANGUAGE
- Latin
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword rēx, rēgis, masculine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
A digitized historical-lexicon record with cited ancient usages, not a directly inspected manuscript object or a claim for the earliest surviving token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
511SOURCE REPORT
tenFirst known use reported as before the 12th centuryestablished
ten
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for ten
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported medieval horizon. SET-U did not inspect a particular underlying Old English manuscript for this record.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
512SOURCE REPORT
treebefore 12th centuryestablished
tree
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for tree
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying Old English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
513SOURCE REPORT
troth12th centuryestablished
troth
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for troth
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying twelfth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
514SOURCE REPORT
truce13th centuryestablished
truce
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for truce
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying thirteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
515SOURCE REPORT
truebefore 12th centuryestablished
true
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for true
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying Old English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
516SOURCE REPORT
trust12th centuryestablished
trust
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for trust
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying twelfth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
517SOURCE REPORT
truthbefore 12th centuryestablished
truth
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for truth
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying Old English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
518SOURCE REPORT
verb14th centuryestablished
verb
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for verb
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
519SOURCE REPORT
verbal15th centuryestablished
verbal
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for verbal
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adjective
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fifteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
520SOURCE REPORT
verbatim15th centuryestablished
verbatim
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for adverbial verbatim
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, adverb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Century-level source report; no underlying fifteenth-century object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
521SOURCE REPORT
vijand901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt / fīant
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 53:9
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 053,09; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports the Old Dutch text, modern translation, Latin inimicos alignment, regional label, language-period date, and later-copy date. No tenth-century manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
522SOURCE REPORT
vijand901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605established
fīunt / fīant
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 54:13
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 054,13; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW reports the enemy clause and Latin inimicus alignment. The later copy was not directly inspected and the range is not converted into a false point year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
523SOURCE REPORT
vijand901–1000; surviving copy circa 1598proposed
fīunt / fīant
Wachtendonck Psalms glosses, Habakkuk 3:5
- LANGUAGE
- Old Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 2; WPs glosses, Abac. 003,05; South Lower Rhine
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
ONW says most editions read fiunt, while Heyne proposed an error for diufil and both readings can represent Latin diabolus. The dossier preserves the textual dispute and does not promote this as a secure earliest Devil token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
524SOURCE REPORT
vijand1265–1270established
viant / vient
Life of Saint Lutgard, Devil sense
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 2.1; Lutg.K, p. 395, lines 38–39; West Brabant
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
VMNW translates din viant here as the Devil and locates the passage. The range is preserved rather than collapsed into one invented year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
525SOURCE REPORT
vijand1291–1300established
viant / vient
Liège Diatessaron, friend-enemy contrast
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Sense 1; Diat., p. 44, lines 27–30; West Brabant
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
VMNW locates the love-your-friend and hate-your-enemy contrast. The lexical record supports the ordinary enemy sense and the visible vriend / vient contrast, not the later causal hypothesis about vowel retention.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
526SOURCE REPORT
vriendMiddle Dutch, source-reportedestablished
vrient
MNW headword and variant record
- LANGUAGE
- Middle Dutch
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- VRIENT I, opening forms
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
The MNW article was visually inspected as a dictionary page. No underlying manuscript object or quoted locus was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
527SOURCE REPORT
wifebefore the 12th centuryestablished
wife
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for wife
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
528SOURCE REPORT
womanbefore the 12th centuryestablished
woman
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for woman
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported horizon; no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
529SOURCE REPORT
wordbefore 12th centuryestablished
word
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for word
- LANGUAGE
- Present-Day English
- WITNESS TYPE
- Lexicographic first-use report
- LOCATOR
- First Known Use, noun
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying Old English object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
530SOURCE REPORT
wībOld High German lexical recordestablished
wīb
EWA hî(w)a¹ lexical record
- LANGUAGE
- Old High German
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Band IV, column 1077; gihî(w)it wîb
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Dictionary-reported phrase containing wīb; the underlying gloss manuscript was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
531SOURCE REPORT
κῆδοςClassical Athenian tragedy, source-reportedestablished
κῆδος
Aeschylus, Helen as object of care with a marriage-sense play
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- LSJ object-of-care sense; Agamemnon 699
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
LSJ identifies Helen as the object of care and explicitly notes wordplay with the marriage-connection sense. The exact performance text or manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
532SOURCE REPORT
κῆδοςClassical Greek historiography, source-reportedestablished
κῆδος
Thucydides, contracting a daughter's marriage
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- LSJ connection-by-marriage sense; Thucydides 2.29
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
LSJ cites the phrase for contracting a marriage for one's daughter. The underlying edition or manuscript object was not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
533SOURCE REPORT
κῆδοςArchaic Greek lyric, source-reportedestablished
κῆδος
Pindar, Doric singular variant in a death context
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- LSJ funeral-rites sense; Pythian 4.112
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
LSJ cites the Doric κᾶδος form. The record proves a published dialect variant and death-context use, not a separate lexeme or directly inspected manuscript token.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
534SOURCE REPORT
ստոյգClassical Armenian lexical traditionestablished
ստոյգ
Calfa aggregation of historical Armenian dictionary witnesses
- LANGUAGE
- Armenian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Headword Ստոյգ, ուգաց; adjective and adverb sections
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported dictionary and textual citations; no single underlying Armenian manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
535SOURCE REPORT
چایfirst half of the 11th century, source-reportedprobable
چای
Bīrūnī discussion of čāy
- LANGUAGE
- Persian
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- The spread of tea in the Persian world
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Iranica reports Bīrūnī’s discussion. SET-U has not directly inspected the underlying manuscript or edition, and no exact year is invented.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
536SOURCE REPORT
ἐτήτυμοςHomeric and Archaic Greek poetic recordestablished
ἐτήτυμος
LSJ lexical-corpus report for ἐτήτυμος
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Odyssey 23.62; Iliad 22.438; Hesiod, Works and Days 10
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported textual citations; no underlying manuscript object was directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
537SOURCE REPORT
ἐτεόςHomeric epicestablished
ἐτεός
Cunliffe lexical-corpus report for ἐτεός
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Iliad 14.125; Iliad 20.255
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported Homeric citations; this record does not claim a directly inspected manuscript or a precise composition year.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
538SOURCE REPORT
ἔτυμοςHomeric epicestablished
ἔτυμος
LSJ lexical-corpus report for ἔτυμος
- LANGUAGE
- Ancient Greek
- WITNESS TYPE
- Source-reported corpus record
- LOCATOR
- Iliad 10.534; Odyssey 19.203
- FACSIMILE
- Not linked
Source-reported corpus references; the underlying manuscript objects were not directly inspected.
NOT DIRECTLY INSPECTEDOPEN WITNESS RECORD ↗
02
THE PROMOTION RULE
FROM REPORT TO OBJECT
A dictionary, corpus, or study reports a form or first-use date. Useful—but not the underlying object.
A manuscript, inscription, printed book, periodical, newspaper, or playbill preserves the occurrence.
Repository, shelfmark, page or folio, quoted form, and stable facsimile link make the inspection repeatable.
An editor checks the image itself and records only what that object proves—never more.