WITNESS
THE WORD.

Codex Argenteus, John 7:7

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 33r; facsimile 57; John 7:7; line containing “ni mag so manaseþs fijan izwis”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. The object verifies the exact written infinitive fijan in context; it does not establish first use, spoken frequency, or Proto-Germanic ancestry.

Codex Argenteus, John 12:25

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 76v; facsimile 96; John 12:25; line containing “saei fiaiþ saiwala seina”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. The object verifies the j-less written form fiaiþ in context; it does not by pixels alone reconstruct the sound change or settle every fian normalization.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 123r; facsimile 145; Luke 1:71; line containing “us fijandam unsaraim”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile verifies written fijandam in the enemies clause. It cannot settle Project Wulfila’s explicit lexical ambiguity between the fijan participle and the lexicalized noun fijands.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 143v; facsimile 186; Luke 6:27; line containing “þaim fijandam izwis”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile verifies written fijandam in the those-hating clause. It does not by pixels alone choose the verbal participle over the identically inflected enemy noun.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 3v; facsimile 6; Matthew 5:43; line containing “jah fiais fiand þeinana”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse and token analysis. It verifies fiand as the accusative-singular enemy noun immediately after the separate verb fiais; it does not establish first use or spoken frequency.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:44

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 3v; facsimile 6; Matthew 5:44; line containing “frijoþ fijands izwarans”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse and token analysis. It verifies accusative-plural fijands in the love-your-enemies clause; it does not make every identical surface form unambiguously nominal.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 10:36

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 27r; facsimile 31; Matthew 10:36; line containing “jah fijands mans innakundai is”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. It verifies nominative-plural fijands in the household-enemies clause; it does not date lexicalization or the first Gothic use.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:74

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 123r; facsimile 145; Luke 1:74; line containing “us handau fijande unsaraize”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. It verifies genitive-plural fijande in the enemies clause; it is separate from the ambiguous fijandam three verses earlier on the same folio.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 10:19

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 164v; facsimile 228; Luke 10:19; line containing “ana allai mahtai fijandis”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile was directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s transcription. It verifies genitive-singular fijandis in the power-of-the-enemy clause; it does not resolve the category of other fijand- tokens.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 123r; facsimile 145; Luke 1:71; line containing “þize hatandane unsis”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription. The object verifies written hatandane in context; it does not show the infinitive hatan, establish a first Gothic use, prove spoken frequency, or by pixels alone choose between the formally possible masculine and neuter genitive-plural analyses.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 143v; facsimile 186; Luke 6:27; line containing “þans hatandans izwis”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription. The object verifies written hatandans in context; it does not show the infinitive hatan, establish a first Gothic use, prove spoken frequency, or by pixels alone choose between the formally possible masculine nominative- and accusative-plural analyses.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 3:7

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 129r; facsimile 157; Luke 3:7; line 10 ending “anawairþin hatiza”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription and the historical line locator. The object verifies written hatiza in the wrath-to-come clause; it does not by itself settle the case analysis, establish a first Gothic use, or prove that hatis was the only Gothic wrath noun.

Codex Argenteus, John 7:23

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 94v; facsimile 60; John 7:23; line containing “iþ mis hatizoþ”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse transcription and token locator. The object verifies the glyph sequence transcribed hatizoþ in the anger question; it does not itself write the infinitive hatizōn, mark long ō, establish the morphological parse without grammatical analysis, prove a first Gothic use, measure spoken frequency, or recover prehistoric ancestry.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:44

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

DG 1, fol. 3v; facsimile 6; Matthew 5:44; line containing “þaim hatjandam izwis”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila’s verse-level transcription and morphological analysis. The object verifies inflected hatjandam, not a written infinitive hatjan; 510 is a representative point within the official early-sixth-century manuscript dating, not the translation date or first spoken use.

Codex Argenteus, Mark 1:11

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Codex Argenteus DG 1, fol. 57v, facsimile 276, Mark 1:11, line containing “sa liuba”

FACSIMILE

Linked

The facsimile pixels were directly inspected against Project Wulfila's verse-level transcription. The object verifies inflected liuba in Mark 1:11, not a written nominative liufs; 510 remains a representative point within the official early-sixth-century manuscript dating.

Heliand manuscript M, enemy command

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r; Heliand 1451; line containing fiund hatan

FACSIMILE

Linked

The full-resolution facsimile was directly inspected against Köbler and the LWL transcription. It verifies the written infinitive hatan after fiund, not the macronized lemma hatōn, a first use, or a uniquely emotional interpretation. The numeric year is a representative point inside the cataloged second half of the ninth century.

Heliand manuscript M, arrest scene

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cgm 25, scan 142; Heliand 4915; line containing hatandiero hop

FACSIMILE

Linked

The full-resolution facsimile directly verifies hatandiero hop in the arrest scene when aligned with the transcription. It does not by pixels alone decide productive present participle against lexicalized enemy noun; Köbler indexes the same locus under both hatōn and hėttiand. The numeric year is a representative manuscript date.

Heliand manuscript M, Beatitudes persecution clause

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r; Heliand 1322; line containing rikioro manno heti

FACSIMILE

Linked

The full-resolution facsimile was directly inspected against Köbler and the LWL transcription. It verifies written heti inside the persecution-and-hostile-speech clause, not the dotted-e normalized headword, a nominative citation form, first use, exact pronunciation, or deeper ancestry. The numeric year is a representative point inside the cataloged second half of the ninth century.

Heliand manuscript M, Pilate question

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cgm 25, scan 150; Heliand 5183; line containing hugea hotie

FACSIMILE

Linked

The full-resolution facsimile was directly inspected against Köbler and the LWL transcription. It verifies nominative plural hotie in the phrase about the hearers' hostile minds, not the normalized headword hōti, a first use, exact pronunciation, or either deeper ancestry lane. The year is representative within the cataloged second half of the ninth century.

Heliand manuscript M, accusation before Pilate

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cgm 25, scan 152; Heliand 5246; line containing hotean hugi

FACSIMILE

Linked

The full-resolution facsimile directly verifies accusative singular hotean in the hostile-intent phrase when aligned with Köbler and the LWL transcription. It does not establish the normalized headword, first use, pronunciation, or a unique root route.

Beowulf manuscript, Heorot filled with friends

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 152r; Electronic Beowulf alignment at verse 1018

FACSIMILE

Linked

The Electronic Beowulf line control aligned verse 1018 to folio 152r, and the folio image was directly inspected. The pixels visibly preserve freondum between wæs and afylled. This establishes an inflected written form and local hall-company context; it does not establish the poem’s composition date, first use, every participant’s social relationship, or reconstructed ancestry.

Beowulf manuscript, foe’s footprint

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 180v, manuscript line 15; Beowulf 2289

FACSIMILE

Linked

The Electronic Beowulf folio image was directly inspected after using its line control to align Beowulf 2289 with folio 180v. The pixels visibly preserve feondes before fotlast. This establishes an inflected written form and local foe context; it does not establish the poem’s composition date, first use, complete Old English semantics, or deeper ancestry.

Bókin dýra, Elucidarius

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

AM 674 a 4°, fol. 33v; line corresponding to Eluc674(1989) 158.10

FACSIMILE

Linked

The manuscript pixels were directly inspected against ONP’s transcription. The initial Hatr is visibly legible; the remainder of the phrase was not independently re-edited from the pixels. The object verifies a token in this dated codex, not the noun’s first use, complete semantics, gender by itself, or deeper ancestry.

Holm perg 15 4° folio 89v

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Manuscript

LOCATOR

folio 89v, line 20; scan 1722110

FACSIMILE

Linked

The scan pixels were directly inspected against ONP's diplomatic transcription and citation c265666. They verify written hata in the command to love chastity and hate no person; they do not establish the headword's first use, complete paradigm, exact pronunciation, or prehistoric ancestry.

The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints DESASTRE as a headword and defines it as a disastrous accident or misfortune.

LANGUAGE

French

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

First edition, tome 1, printed page 61, Gallica leaf f89, right column

FACSIMILE

Linked

The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies the unaccented 1694 French dictionary headword DESASTRE and its opening definition; it is not claimed as the earliest French or English occurrence.

The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints HOSTEL as a headword in the historical French family later normalized as hôtel.

LANGUAGE

French

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

First edition, tome 1, printed page 572, Gallica leaf f600, left column

FACSIMILE

Linked

The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies the historical dictionary form HOSTEL in 1694 within the French hotel family; it does not show the modern accented spelling hôtel and is not claimed as the earliest French or English occurrence.

The PESTE entry in the first edition of the Académie française dictionary uses quarantaine for imposed isolation after travel from a place suspected of plague.

LANGUAGE

French

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

First edition, tome 2, printed page 225, Gallica leaf f233, right column, PESTE entry

FACSIMILE

Linked

The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies a 1694 contextual use of quarantaine for medical isolation inside the PESTE entry; it is not a QUARANTAINE headword and is not claimed as the earliest occurrence.

The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints SINCERE as a headword and opens with the senses true and frank.

LANGUAGE

French

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

First edition, tome 2, printed page 480, Gallica leaf f488, lower left column

FACSIMILE

Linked

The Gallica page image was directly inspected. It verifies the unaccented 1694 French dictionary headword SINCERE and its opening definition; it is not claimed as the earliest French or English occurrence.

A bibliographic note in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum names December while pointing readers to the December 1682 Acta Eruditorum.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [816], left column, note above TANGENT; e-rara content image 2867880

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of December as a month name; it is not a DECEMBER headword, is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence, and does not prove the Roman tenth-to-twelfth-month history or deeper ancestry.

John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints ALGEBRA as a headword and identifies it as an analytic art concerned with equations.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [53], right column, entry ALGEBRA; e-rara content image 2867117

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the ALGEBRA headword and opening definition in Harris’s 1704 English dictionary; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence or as evidence for the deeper Arabic lineage.

The e-rara object record and searchable scan locate John Harris's dictionary definition of algorithm.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

e-rara image 55, right column, entry ALGORITHM; content image 2867119

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the ALGORITHM headword and definition in John Harris's 1704 volume; it is not claimed as the earliest surviving English occurrence.

The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [161], right column, CHIMES entry; e-rara content image 2867225

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual English use of calculate in 1704 inside the CHIMES entry; it is not a CALCULATE headword and is not claimed as the earliest occurrence.

A tide passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses check as a verb meaning restrain or impede.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [834], left column, tide explanation; e-rara content image 2867898

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 verbal use of check in the restrain-or-impede sense; it is not a CHECK headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not establish the later verify sense, banking senses, or Persian chess ancestry.

A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [240], right column, crystalline-lens passage; e-rara content image 2867304

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of inflected collects; it is not a COLLECT headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the deeper Latin or reconstructed ancestry.

John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints DECIMAL in the head phrase DECIMAL Fraction and begins its mathematical definition.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [251], left column, entry DECIMAL Fraction; e-rara content image 2867315

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies DECIMAL in a 1704 English mathematical head phrase; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence and does not by itself prove the word’s French or Latin ancestry.

John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints ETYMOLOGY as a headword and defines it as the part of grammar concerned with words’ origins and true signification.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [321], right column, entry ETYMOLOGY; e-rara content image 2867385

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the ETYMOLOGY headword and opening definition in Harris’s 1704 English dictionary; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence and does not by itself prove the deeper Greek or reconstructed ancestry.

John Harris’s NOSOCOMIUM entry uses Hospital for an institution where poor sick people are attended and, if possible, cured.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [572], left column, entry NOSOCOMIUM; e-rara content image 2867636

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Hospital in the medical-care sense; it is not a HOSPITAL headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the earlier lodging senses or Latin ancestry.

The PAPER-OFFICE entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum includes Letters of Intelligence among official papers communicated to the King’s Council.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [600], left column, PAPER-OFFICE entry; e-rara content image 2867664

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Intelligence for official information or reports; it is not an INTELLIGENCE headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the mental-capacity sense or deeper ancestry.

A passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum cites a Lecture by Nehemiah Grew about varieties of taste read before the Royal Society.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [818], left column, lower TAST passage; e-rara content image 2867882

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Lecture for a discourse read before the Royal Society; it is not a LECTURE headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the Latin reading ancestry.

John Harris’s FEE-FARM entry uses Legal to mark the specifically legal sense of the term.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [333], left column, FEE-FARM entry; e-rara content image 2867397

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Legal meaning related to law; it is not a LEGAL headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the Latin lex family or any disputed deeper reconstruction.

John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints the historical English headword LOGICK and opens by calling it the art of right thinking.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [491], entry LOGICK; e-rara content image 2867555

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the historical spelling LOGICK and opening definition in 1704; it does not show the modern spelling logic, establish the earliest English occurrence, or prove the deeper Greek and reconstructed ancestry.

John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints MUSCLE as a headword and defines its role in voluntary animal motion.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [563], left column, entry MUSCLE; e-rara content image 2867627

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies the MUSCLE headword and opening definition in Harris’s 1704 English dictionary; it is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence or as proof of the historical mouse metaphor.

A banking-exchange passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Salary for the banker’s compensation.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [187], banking-exchange passage; e-rara content image 2867251

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Salary for a banker’s compensation; it is not a SALARY headword, is not claimed as the earliest English occurrence, and does not prove the Latin ancestry or the salt-payment myth.

The SYSTEM entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Science for an organized branch of knowledge when defining a system of philosophy.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [812], left column, SYSTEM entry, “System of Philosophy”; e-rara content image 2867876

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 use of Science in the branch-of-knowledge sense; it is not a SCIENCE headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the French, Latin, or proposed reconstructed ancestry.

John Harris’s NOTES in Musick entry describes a fixed group of six select syllables formerly used to distinguish degrees of sound.

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Image [572], left column, NOTES in Musick entry; e-rara content image 2867636

FACSIMILE

Linked

The e-rara page image was directly inspected. It verifies a contextual 1704 adjectival use of select for a specially chosen set of syllables; it is not a SELECT headword, is not claimed as the earliest occurrence, and does not prove the Latin morphology or reconstructed ancestry.

The photographed English title page prints the plural headword in “Rossum's Universal Robots.”

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Printed book

LOCATOR

Title-page spread, title line “R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)”

FACSIMILE

Linked

Directly inspected title-page occurrence in a photographed 1923 English edition. This object verifies “Robots” in the title of this edition; it is not claimed as the first English use and does not verify unpictured pages of the play.