WITNESS
THE WORD.

Ancient Greek literary record

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

λέγω

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Iliad, many-troubled woes for the Argives

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Iliad 1.445; CTS urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-grc2:1.445

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The digital critical-edition line was directly read, but no ancient or medieval manuscript object was inspected. The representative year marks the Homeric composition horizon, not an exact first use, copying date, or surviving artifact date.

Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

LSJ funeral-rites sense; Iliad 5.156

FACSIMILE

Not linked

LSJ reports the line under funeral rites and mourning. The underlying manuscript tradition was not directly inspected, and the year is only a representative Homeric-text horizon.

Odyssey, care or concern for others

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

LSJ care-about sense; Odyssey 22.254

FACSIMILE

Not linked

LSJ uses the phrase for the care-about sense. No manuscript object was inspected and the representative year does not assert first use.

Ancient Greek literary and documentary record

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

λόγος

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Latin legal and literary record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

lex

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense I; μῦς ἀρουραῖος, cited to Herodotus

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicon-reported Herodotean occurrence was reviewed; the underlying historical text object was not directly inspected.

Greek lexical and grammatical tradition

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ἐτυμολογία

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Latin literary record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

legō / legere

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Source-reported Latin lexical record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Word History

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexical record; no manuscript or inscription facsimile was directly inspected.

Latin political and lexical record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

candidatus

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Cicero, De officiis 1.12.37, as reported in Lewis and Short

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Headword introduction; Cic. Off. 1.12.37

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary citation and excerpt were reviewed; no manuscript or edition image was directly inspected.

Latin literary and epigraphic record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

salarium

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Matthew 5:43 [CA], token fiais

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. The underlying folio was not directly inspected for this dossier, and the record does not infer an unwritten infinitive from the surface form.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 6:24

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Matthew 6:24 [CA], token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. This is a source-reported corpus record rather than a fresh object inspection.

Codex Argenteus, John 7:7

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 7:7 [CA], second token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this second John 7:7 token in the verified section. The separate token count is retained even though it shares a verse and folio with the inspected infinitive.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:18 [CA], token fijai

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the optative token in the verified section; the manuscript object was not directly inspected here.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:18 [CA], token fijaida

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the preterite token in the verified section and inventories it separately from fijai in the same verse.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:19

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:19 [CA], token fijaid

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. No claim about first use or ordinary frequency is made.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:23

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:23 [CA], first token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila inventories the first verified fijaiþ in John 15:23 as a separate token.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:23

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:23 [CA], second token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila inventories the repeated verified fijaiþ in the same verse as a second token.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:24

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:24 [CA], token fijaidedun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this third-person-plural preterite in the verified section.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:25

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:25 [CA], token fijaidedun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section; the verse-level object was not directly inspected here.

Codex Argenteus, John 17:14

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 17:14 [CA], token fijaida

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. This record preserves the corpus assignment without claiming that all Gothic hate contexts share one sense.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 14:26

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 14:26 [CA], token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous but the token as not verified and morphosyntactically ambiguous among several present forms.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 16:13

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 16:13 [CA], token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining unresolved person, mood, or imperative analyses.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:14

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:14 [CA], token fijaidedun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this preterite token as not verified but unambiguous for fijan.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:22 [CA], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands analyses and marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous. No forced lemma assignment is made.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:35 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both verb and noun analyses. The Greek enemy context favors the lexicalized noun, but the corpus preserves the formal ambiguity.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:27 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands. The surface record remains in the overlap set rather than being counted as a secure verb token.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous between the verb and enemy noun.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 20:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 20:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila preserves both analyses. The dossier does not convert an enemy translation into proof of one morphological lemma.

Codex Argenteus, Mark 12:36

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Mark 12:36 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands analyses; the underlying object was not directly inspected for this record.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 1:71 [CA], token fijandam

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this token under both fijands and fijan and marks it lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous. Its directly inspected surface form already exists as witness 286 under the overlapping verb dossier; this row does not double-count that object inspection.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:22 [CA], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both noun and verb analyses. The accusative singular surface form alone does not choose enemy or one who hates.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:27 [CA], token fijandam

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this token under both lemmas. Its directly inspected surface form already exists as witness 288 under the overlapping verb dossier; this row preserves the noun candidate without claiming a second object inspection.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:35 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The nominative-plural or participial surface form remains explicitly ambiguous in Project Wulfila.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:27 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The surface form is shared by the noun and productive participle inventories; no forced lemma assignment is made.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 20:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 20:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila retains both the enemy noun and hating-participle analyses.

Codex Argenteus, Mark 12:36

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Mark 12:36 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The token is a corpus candidate for both lemmas rather than a secure noun count.

Old English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

lufu

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Old High German headword horizon

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Pfeifer etymology, fīant and fījant (8th century)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWDS/Pfeifer reports these Old High German forms from the eighth century. No manuscript object was directly inspected, and the representative year marks a century horizon rather than an exact first token.

Old High German headword horizon

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Pfeifer etymology: Old High German haʒ (8th century)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German form from the eighth century. No manuscript object was directly inspected, and 750 is a representative century marker rather than an exact first token.

Source-reported title phrase in al-Khwārizmī's mathematical work

LANGUAGE

Classical Arabic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ALGEBRA entry

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported historical-text record; the Arabic manuscript tradition and facsimiles were not directly inspected.

Otfried, friends addressed directly

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; O. II.8,45

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Grimm reports the edited Old High German quotation and locator. No manuscript object was directly inspected and the representative year does not claim an exact copying date.

Otfried, beloved friends

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; O. V.25,54

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The historical dictionary supplies the quotation. The underlying object was not directly inspected.

Old English gecynde passage reported by Loureiro-Porto

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Chapter 2, historical development of kind of

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The scholarly monograph and edited excerpt were inspected, not the underlying manuscript object. The form is reported in an Old English passage and is not promoted as the earliest surviving token.

Old English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

cliewen

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Orosius translation, Hannibal as no friend of the Romans

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.2b; Orosius, History iv. viii. 99

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the early Old English political-alliance context. The representative year is period-level and not an exact copying date.

King Alfred’s Pastoral Care, Devil as Old Enemy

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Pastoral Care xxxvi. 261

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED cites this early Old English record for the Devil sense. The manuscript object was not directly inspected in this review and the representative year is not a precise copying date.

Metres of Boethius, Nero as a wicked person

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Metres of Boethius xv. 7

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED uses Nero as an early example of the malevolent or cruel-person sense. The underlying damaged manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Boethius, friends and foes contrast

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Boethius 20; Fox 72, 21

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the explicit friend-versus-foe contrast and the i-mutated plural form. The Cotton variant fiend is noted by the dictionary but no manuscript was directly inspected.

Saxon Confession genitive occurrence

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

S 318,8 = Wa 16,11

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The Academy dictionary prints genitive singular hetias and the full confession sequence, while its source key dates the Saxon Confession to the tenth century. The manuscript object itself was not directly inspected; 950 is only a representative point inside that century.

Egill, Sonatorrek 24

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum citation 1 of 49

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Lexicon Poeticum renders the context as enemies and reports 960, but explicitly warns that its concordance is unreviewed and dates may derive from earlier editions. No manuscript object was inspected.

Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Hákonarmál 12

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum citation 2 of 49

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The project translates the phrase as and your enemies fled and reports 961 under an explicit date-check warning. It is a source-reported composition date, not an inspected manuscript date.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported pre-twelfth-century use represented conservatively within the Old English record; no manuscript was directly inspected.

Resignation of the World, hating crimes

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Exeter Book 98a; Thorpe 366, 16; Reb. 13

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the edited example “let us hate crimes.” The manuscript object was not directly inspected and the representative year is not a precise copying date.

Psalm, hands of haters

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 105, 10

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports an inflected participial form in a Psalm translation. This establishes a source-reported lexical occurrence, not direct manuscript inspection.

Psalm, hating unjust ways

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 118, 128; 138, 19

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the first-person form with unjust ways as object. No claim is made that this is a first use.

Elene, animals and friends

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Elene 360; Kemble 719

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports a plural present form in the proposition that brute animals do not hate their friends. The manuscript pixels were not inspected.

Psalm, people who hate without cause

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 68, 4; 73, 22

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural variant feógeaþ. The record is an edited dictionary example, not a complete corpus count.

Psalm, hating workers of deceit

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 100, 3; 118, 113

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports a past-tense form. Its source location is preserved without claiming direct access to the historical object.

Juliana and Elene, hating the Lord’s law

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Exeter Book 66a; Thorpe 243, 21; Juliana 14; Elene 356

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past form and its law object. The entry aggregates two editorial references; neither manuscript was directly inspected here.

Psalm, those who hate peace

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Spl. C. 119, 6

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past variant feódun. The source report does not prove one standardized spelling.

Christ, hating God’s temple

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Exeter Book 18a; Thorpe 44, 27; Christ 709

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past variant feódan. The date is representative and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Psalm, imperative to hate evil

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Spl. C. 96, 10

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports both the edited form and manuscript-T variant. This supports variation inside the verb; it does not independently establish pronunciation or a separate lexeme.

Beowulf line 101, enemy in hell

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Beowulf 101

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED cites the Old English enemy or foe sense. The aligned Electronic Beowulf text was consulted, but the folio pixels for this separate occurrence were not directly inspected in this dossier.

Soul’s enemy example

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

L. E. I. 3; Thorpe ii 404, 9

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the edited Old English example and its soul’s-enemy sense. No first-use or manuscript-object claim is made.

Dream of the Rood, human enemies

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Rood 30; Krapp 33

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural human-enemies occurrence. Its date is representative and the manuscript image was not inspected here.

Guthlac A, fallen spirits

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Guthlac A 421

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED cites the plural for fallen angels or evil spirits. This remains a source-reported lexical witness rather than a directly inspected manuscript object.

English lexicographic first-use report for December

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported Old English period; 1050 is only a sorting midpoint and no manuscript witness was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a verb

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, verb

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported horizon, not an exact token or first spoken use.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kin

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year 1050 is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kind as a noun

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, noun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported written-use horizon for the noun. The sorting year 1050 is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kindred as a noun

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, noun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.

Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Word History, noun etymology

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Merriam-Webster reports the form as the one attestation of cynræden, accusative or dative. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for king

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year 1050 is a midpoint inside the stated period, not an exact token date or first spoken use.

English lexicographic first-use record for mouse

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for mussel

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk record discussed by Alonso de la Fuente

LANGUAGE

Old Turkic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Abstract and Turkic philological analysis

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The historical form and century are reported by the scholarly article; SET-U has not directly inspected the manuscript or edition page.

English lexical record for the prayer noun

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Leiden Willeram, enemies of God

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 013,12; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-plural uiande and locates the record at Egmond. No codex page was directly inspected.

Leiden Willeram, enemies of bride and bridegroom

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 073,04; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports the dative-plural uiandan inside a longer clause and notes an editorial supplement elsewhere in the passage. No manuscript object was inspected.

Leiden Willeram, army camp

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 101,11; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-plural uiende. The historical-dictionary surface was inspected, not the underlying witness object.

Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History and First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use horizon attached to the Old English form, not a directly inspected primary object or proof of coinage.

Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History and First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use horizon attached to the Old English form, not a directly inspected primary object or proof of coinage.

Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History and First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use horizon attached to the Old English form, not a directly inspected primary object or proof of coinage.

Leiden Willeram, enemy of God clause

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 013,12; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW locates and translates the clause as however they are your enemies. The lexical record was inspected; no underlying codex page was directly inspected.

Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN vroegnnl.; Willeram

FACSIMILE

Not linked

EWN supplies the edited quotation and approximate date. No manuscript object was directly inspected.

Old Dutch Willeram, beloved companion and friend

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN vroegnnl.; Willeram

FACSIMILE

Not linked

EWN reports the edited text. The record does not claim first use or direct object inspection.

Gísl Illugason, Magnússflokkr 7

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum word record 89176

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The present participle is translated as his enemies, showing lexicalized hostile participants. The attribution date and concordance row remain source-reported and unreviewed.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a noun

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, noun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Sense- and category-specific source-reported horizon.

Middle English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Ormulum, bridegroom's friend

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; Ormulum, Burchfield transcript, line 17960

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the transcript and approximate date. No manuscript pixels were inspected, and the representative year does not claim an exact copying event.

Ormulum kin quotation in the Middle English Dictionary

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

MED24246, sense 1a, Ormulum line 2069

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary record and edited quotation were inspected, not the underlying Junius 1 manuscript object. This verifies a located medieval use, not the earliest surviving token.

Bodleian Homilies cynde quotation in the Middle English Dictionary

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

MED24248, sense 1a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary record and edited quotation were inspected, not the underlying manuscript object. This verifies a located medieval noun use, not the first surviving token.

CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French ethimologie

LANGUAGE

Old French

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

History: Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Chronique des ducs de Normandie, verse 904

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported medieval text and locator; the underlying manuscript or edition page was not directly inspected.

Anonymous Leiðarvísan 31

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum poetic citation

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Lexicon Poeticum translates the surrounding record with fiend and reports 1190. No underlying manuscript object was inspected, and the project’s dating disclaimer is retained.

Iwein, best friend

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; Iwein 2742

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Grimm reports the literary quotation and line. No manuscript object was directly inspected and the year remains approximate.

Iwein, Gawain as best friend

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; Iwein 4850

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary supplies the edited line; SET-U did not inspect a medieval witness.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.

Icelandic homily, Adam as ancestor

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c179492; HómÍsl 43 (1993) 71r:12; Holm perg 15 4°

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the phrase under ancestor and supplies the manuscript date and folio locator. The dictionary record was inspected; the manuscript image was not used for a direct token claim.

Middle English textual corpus

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

love n.

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Spakmǽli Prospers: Epigrammata

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Prosper677 9.10; AM 677 4°, fols. 1r-6v

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP places this passage under a question-marked mockery or scorn sense with Latin irrisio. The representative year lies inside the manuscript range; the object was not directly inspected and the semantic proposal remains uncertain.

Floyris, hearing the words of his friend

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN mnl.; VMNW citation

FACSIMILE

Not linked

EWN supplies the dated edited quotation. The representative midpoint year supports discovery only; no manuscript object was inspected.

Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 19

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum word record 290540

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The poetic record is translated with damage to the deep wave-ground. The public concordance warns that records and dates require review, so the token is not promoted as a directly inspected manuscript or an uncontested semantic stage.

Friend-versus-foe contrast

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Old English Homilies, 1st Series, p. 231

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this early enemy-or-foe occurrence and notes possible Old English composition. The manuscript object was not directly inspected, and the displayed year is a source-reported horizon rather than a precise copying date.

Van Veen and Van der Sijs early Middle Dutch form inventory

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN subentry Van Veen and Van der Sijs

FACSIMILE

Not linked

This is a source-reported historical form inventory, not a directly inspected medieval token or an exact first-use claim.

Ghent documentary record

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; Corpus I, p. 26, lines 5–7; Ghent, East Flanders

FACSIMILE

Not linked

VMNW identifies this as the oldest attestation in its thirteenth-century corpus. It is a located corpus report, not a directly inspected charter object or proof of coinage.

Grágás, friends-or-kin versus enemies formula

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c198641; GrgKon I 206:8; GKS 1157 fol

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the citation under friend while flagging possible kin sense 3 and supplies the manuscript date and shelfmark. SET-U inspected the dictionary citation record, not the underlying manuscript token.

English lexicographic first-use record for guest

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hatred

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported written-use horizon. The sorting year is a midpoint convention, not an exact token date or first spoken use.

Malevolent creatures or monsters

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Laȝamon, Brut, Caligula manuscript, line 907

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this occurrence under the obsolete monster sense. The historical object was not directly inspected and the dating remains source-reported.

Liuis firist, gathering one's friend

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Supplemental Materials; Trinity College Cambridge B.14.39, line 4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

MED reports the newly indexed spelling frent and manuscript locator. The underlying object was not directly inspected.

Morkinskinna, friends becoming enemies

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c198959; Mork 263:19; GKS 1009 fol

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files this record under friend and compares Hávamál 43. The digital citation page and metadata were read, but no manuscript object was directly inspected.

Morkinskinna

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP c265758; Mork 10321

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns the middle-voice construction hataz við to hostile opposition. The manuscript object was linked but not directly inspected for this token.

Rijmbijbel, Lucifer apposition

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 2.1; Rijmb., p. 531, lines 24–26; West Flanders

FACSIMILE

Not linked

VMNW explicitly files the passage under the Devil or fallen archangel sense. The edition and manuscript object were not directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.

Hirðskrá manuscript record

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Citation c790383; AM 322 fol, main edition Hirð 417.7; variant AM 322 fol 8va11

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns this lone citation to a masculine entry but explicitly flags the analysis as possibly an elementary error. Neither the manuscript pixels nor the edition were directly inspected here.

Demon-like being

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Guy of Warwick, Auchinleck manuscript, p. 430

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this Middle English demon comparison. The manuscript object was not directly inspected, and the representative year does not collapse composition and copying dates.

Anonymous, Fourth Grammatical Treatise verse 8

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum word record 241911

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The poetic record is translated virtue is destroyed. The asterisk on rataz belongs to the edition's reading, not to a Proto-form, and the source warns that its concordance and dates require review.

Enemy in feudal context

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ayenbite, p. 19

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the south-eastern variant uyende under the obsolete enemy sense. The record is source-reported and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Matthias von Beheim, Matthew 5:11

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 1; Behaim, Evangelienbuch, Matthew 5:11

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB aligns the passage with Latin persecuti vos fuerint and later German verfolgen. The 1867 edition and manuscript were not directly inspected; 1343 is the work horizon, not a token-level dating proof.

Matthias von Beheim, John 5:16

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 1; Behaim, Evangelienbuch, John 5:16

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB aligns the clause with Latin persequebantur and German verfolgten. The underlying edition and manuscript were not directly inspected, so the action interpretation remains source-reported.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected medieval object; Etymonline reports an earlier early-thirteenth-century horizon.

Middle English lexicographic first-use record for algorism

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use date; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster source-reported Middle English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History and First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected medieval object or proof of coinage.

English lexicographic first-use report for check

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use — verb

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use report for checkmate

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use — verb

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use report for chess

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use — game noun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

Árni’s Christian law, GKS 3270 4° variant

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ÁKr 22:23; GKS 3270 4° B

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP locates fiandanom as a manuscript variant for andskotanom and reports the manuscript as c.1350. The citation record and linked image index were inspected, but the exact token was not directly verified on the manuscript image.

English lexicographic first-use record for hospital

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for host in the hospitality sense

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Noun (1), First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use period for the hospitality noun; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

Middle English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

English lexicographic first-use record for muscle

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use period; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use report for nice

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use report for science

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use century; no underlying manuscript witness was directly inspected.

English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Middle English Dictionary citation to Chaucer’s Parson’s Tale

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

c1390 Chaucer CT.Pars. I.989

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary citation and short excerpt were inspected; the underlying manuscript object was not, so this remains source-reported.

John Trevisa’s translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus as indexed by the Middle English Dictionary

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Trev.Barth. (BL Add MS 27944), fol. 19b/a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The edited dictionary quotation and manuscript stencil were inspected, but the underlying manuscript leaf was not. The occurrence witnesses -logie inside a host word and is not claimed as an autonomous suffix token or the earliest surviving example.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected fifteenth-century object; Etymonline reports an earlier mid-thirteenth-century form.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported century represented conservatively by its opening year; no primary object was directly inspected.

The Devil’s snare

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Chaucer, Man of Law’s Tale, line 571

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the Devil sense in a Middle English witness. This is a source-reported quotation, not a directly inspected manuscript object.

Jean de Stavelot, Chronique

LANGUAGE

Middle French

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

page 466 as reported in Godefroy Complément

FACSIMILE

Not linked

CNRTL’s historical-dictionary report was inspected; the underlying chronicle object and edition page were not, so 1449 is an upper horizon rather than an exact occurrence year.

English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Albrecht Achilles source reported by DRW

LANGUAGE

Early New High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AlbrAchillesMerckB. 105

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The legal-dictionary report was inspected; the underlying document image was not.

Skriptamál Ólafar Loftsdóttur

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP c265750; DI VI 24226

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns the confession to mock or humiliate with abusive words. The date belongs to the document tradition; the cited manuscript copy is later and was not directly inspected.

German Bible enemy proverb

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Bibel 1483, p. 304, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The public DWB entry reports this dated Bible occurrence. The printed 1483 object was not directly inspected and no absolute-first-use claim is made.

English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Gustav I’s registratur, friendship-with-enemies clause

LANGUAGE

Old Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

GR 1:31

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates the early-modern political or collective enemy use. The dictionary record was inspected; no underlying document object was inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for bridegroom

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported year; no underlying early-modern object was directly inspected.

Swedish New Testament, Matthew 5:43

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

NT 1526, Matthew 5:43

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates the enemy token in the love-and-hate contrast. It supports ordinary enemy use and does not make modern hata the morphological parent of fiende.

Swedish New Testament, 1 Peter 5:8

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

NT 1526, 1 Peter 5:8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB records the Devil apposition. The lexical record supports historical Fienden or the enemy as the Devil; no printed-page object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for transitive etymologize

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use of transitive etymologize

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported earliest written record for the transitive sense; no underlying 1532 object was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

This is a lexicographic first-use report from Merriam-Webster, not a directly inspected primary object.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use horizon; no underlying 1534 object was directly inspected, and the date is not treated as proof of coinage.

Luther record reported by FWB

LANGUAGE

Early New High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luther, WA 47, 505, 1

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Shows the human-incitement construction in a located source report; it is not promoted as the first metaphorical use.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected historical object or proof of first speech.

English lexicographic first-use record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use date; no underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.

CNRTL historical-attestation report for French étymologique

LANGUAGE

French

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Étymologie et Histoire: Bonivard, cited through Delboulle and the Dictionnaire général

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported approximate date and phrase; neither the underlying Bonivard object nor the cited intermediary edition was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use date; no underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.

Olaus Magnus, Devil sense

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Hist. 1555, SAOB sense I.1.b

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates another early-modern Devil use. It is source-reported evidence and does not show that the demonic branch was the only meaning.

Early New High German proverb record

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hasz, m., sense 2; Agricola, Sprichwörter (1560), 120a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this dated printed occurrence for hostile disposition and strife. The 1560 object was not directly inspected, so the claim remains source-reported.

Agricola, Sprichwörter

LANGUAGE

Early New High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 2; Agricola, Sprichwörter (1560), 89b

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this dated printed occurrence under the feeling-centered sense. The 1560 object was not directly inspected, so the passage remains source-reported.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for select

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, adjective

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic date. The underlying 1565 primary object was not directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use report for shah

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.

English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Molina 1571 Nahuatl dictionary entry

LANGUAGE

Classical Nahuatl

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ahuacatl — Molina 2

FACSIMILE

Not linked

UNAM reports the historical dictionary entry. SET-U has not directly inspected Molina's original printed page.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1572 object; Etymonline gives the broader 1570s horizon.

Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use report for etymon

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, sense 1a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported year; no underlying 1573 printed object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1579 object or proof of coinage.

English lexicographic first-use record for hostile

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for mango

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1582 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for etymological

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying 1588 object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for candid

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, adjective sense 4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported year for the English white sense; no underlying 1597 printed witness was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, all-knowing sense

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1598 object or proof of coinage.

English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

English literary record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

figurative senses

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, adjective sense 2

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected printed object or proof of first speech.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for moose

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1603 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for etymologist

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported earliest written record located by current scholarship; no underlying 1604 object was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for jaguar

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1604 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A secondary lexicographic year report. Etymonline gives the 1650s, so SET-U preserves the chronology dispute and does not claim coinage.

English lexicographic first-use record for decimal as an adjective

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use — adjective

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.

Foul Fiend as Devil

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Shakespeare, King Lear, scene xiii, line 8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this early modern Devil use. The quoted edition record was not directly inspected in this dossier.

English lexicographic first-use record for nescience

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.

English noun lexicographic first-use record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The 1617 date is source-reported for the noun’s forty-day sense. No underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.

English lexicographic first-use record for yogurt

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1625 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

English lexicographic first-use record for the suspended-bed sense of hammock

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use — noun (1)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1626 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Hobbes translation of Aristotle, explicit love definition

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; Briefe Art Rhetorique ii.76

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the dated printed-text quotation. It documents one early modern definition in context, not the timeless original meaning of every use of friend.

Seventeenth-century figurative tree-enemy use

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

SAOB sense I.1.c, 1651 example

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB records an inanimate figurative enemy relation between trees. The excerpt is lexical evidence, not a claim about modern botanical terminology.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for tea

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use of tea

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic date. SET-U did not inspect the underlying 1655 primary object in this tranche.

English lexicographic first-use record for decimate

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.

Seventeenth-century hidden-enemy proverb

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

SAOB sense I.1.a, 1665 example

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates the hater-versus-enemy contrast. The example is historically suggestive but does not by itself establish the prehistoric participial derivation.

Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for calculus

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, calculation sense

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported year; no underlying 1666 printed witness was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for hotel

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.

Fiend incarnate as a person

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

F. Bragge, Practical Discourses, p. 152

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this malevolent-person use. It is a source-reported lexicographic occurrence, not a directly inspected primary object.

Peder Syv song collection

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ODS sense 2, PSyv.Viser (1695), p. 586

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ODS reports the dated printed citation under collective wartime enemy. The underlying 1695 page was not directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for avocado

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1696 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

English lexicographic first-use record for shaman

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1698 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Source-reported English record for the algorithm spelling

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ALGORITHM entry

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported quotation attributed to the OED by MacTutor; the original Philosophical Transactions page was not directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.

Jacob von Tyboe

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Holbergordbog headword, Tyb (1731) V 8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Holbergordbog reports Fiænde in the 1731 text and Fiende in a 1742 version. No print object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster tepee / teepee / tipi spelling-family report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported year for the English spelling family; this is not proof that the exact spelling tipi occurs in that earliest token.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for kayak

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1757 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

English lexicographic first-use record for bayou

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1763 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

English lexicographic first-use record for taboo

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1777 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for dime

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, coin sense

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic date for the ten-cent coin. The older tenth-part word predates this sense.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for humus

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported year; no underlying printed scientific object was directly inspected.

Goethe, Faust I, Marthe on social order

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; Goethe bibliography link

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Grimm reports the printed-text quotation. The primary edition was not directly inspected, and the token demonstrates a supporter-of sense rather than an original meaning.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hospice

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, lodging sense

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date belongs to the older lodging sense, not automatically to modern palliative care. The underlying primary object was not directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record for boomerang

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1824 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

John Shakespear dictionary entry reported by Faruqi

LANGUAGE

Urdu

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Interesting information — older چا and چا دان spellings

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Rekhta reports the 1834 dictionary forms. SET-U has not directly inspected the printed dictionary page; the record demonstrates an older spelling, not the origin date.

Andrews Hawaiian dictionary entry

LANGUAGE

Hawaiian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ka-pu entries, Andrews 1836

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary record is reproduced by the institutional portal; SET-U has not inspected the original printed page as an artifact.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.

Te Waka Maori o Niu Tirani example

LANGUAGE

Māori

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Tapu definition 4; TWMNT 3/4/1872:58

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dated example is source-reported. SET-U has not directly inspected the underlying newspaper page.

English lexicographic first-use record for sauna

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1881 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Word History: First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; no primary 1882 object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic first-use year; no primary token was directly inspected.

CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French étymon

LANGUAGE

French

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

Étymologie et Histoire: Guérin 1892

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use year; the Guérin volume was not directly inspected.

Source-reported coinage context in R.U.R.

LANGUAGE

Czech

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Did You Know?

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported literary coinage context; no first-edition page facsimile was directly inspected.

English lexicographic first-use record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported first-use date; no underlying quotation or facsimile was directly inspected for this record.

Lexicographic first-use record for Merriam-Webster's currently defined technical sense

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Sense-specific source-reported first-use date; it does not erase earlier records of the spelling with the numeral-system sense.

G. Callaway, Fellowship of Veld, source-reported by DSAE

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense a, first quotation; Fellowship of Veld, p. 25

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary's located quotation was reviewed; the underlying 1926 book page was not directly inspected, so this remains a source-reported lexical record.

Vasmer чай headword

LANGUAGE

Russian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

чай — etymology and Turkic comparisons

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The witness is the published etymological dictionary record, not the earliest Russian use.

Max Frisch, Homo faber

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWDS example; Frisch, Homo faber, p. 80

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWDS supplies the located literary example. The printed book page was not directly inspected; the year identifies the work’s publication horizon rather than a first use.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for chai

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use of chai

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic date for the modern English culinary sense. SET-U did not inspect the underlying primary object.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected 1987 object or proof that the compound was first spoken or written in that year.

Qajaq. Inoqarfinni tamani

LANGUAGE

Greenlandic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Qajaq-terms — qajaq row

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The institutional terminology record is source-reported; no underlying 1987 page image was directly inspected.

newspaper personal-enemy joke

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1.b, NyDag1988

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated example under the personal enemy or uven branch.

schoolbook historical narrative

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1, skoleb1991

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated example for the ordinary personal and political enemy sense.

newspaper ideological-opponent use

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1.c, JyP1992

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated example for opponents of an institution or political order.

television figurative-threat use

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1.d, TV21992

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated figurative example. Rain is not part of the inherited agent gloss; the record documents semantic extension.

English lexicographic first-use record for emoji

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicographic first-use report was reviewed; no underlying 1997 object or facsimile was identified or directly inspected in this tranche.

Modern plural evil spirits

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

T. M. Lakomy, The Shadow Crucible, p. 210

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the modern plural under the demon sense. The source object was not directly inspected and no frequency claim is made.

Corpus Hedendaags Nederlands selection

LANGUAGE

Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ANW selected examples, 2017

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ANW supplies a contemporary plural example for a collective geopolitical enemy. The full source document was not directly inspected and no first-use claim is made.

Güncel Türkçe Sözlük headword

LANGUAGE

Turkish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

çay headword and current senses

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The year identifies the cited dictionary edition, not the first appearance of the word in Turkish.

Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa headword

LANGUAGE

Portuguese

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

chá — pronunciation, senses, and etymology

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The online institutional dictionary entry was inspected; this is a current lexical record, not a first-use claim.

WikiWoordenboek pronunciation entry

LANGUAGE

Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Uitspraak; IPA

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The community entry was inspected only for current IPA and syllable count. It does not establish ancestry, historical pronunciation, or first use.

Merriam-Webster noun combining-form entry

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

-logy, noun combining form

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary entry was inspected as a lexical record. It supplies no first-use date for the bound form and is not treated as a primary historical object.

Dumnorix in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico

LANGUAGE

Gaulish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Book 1, section 18

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the host spelling Dumnorix in the passage; the internal -rīx analysis comes from the cited linguistic sources.

Vercingetorix in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico

LANGUAGE

Gaulish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Book 7, section 4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the host spelling Vercingetorix in the passage; the internal -rīx analysis comes from the cited linguistic sources.

Deliverance from enemies

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Weckherlin 46, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the inflected plural in this edited quotation. The underlying historical object was not directly inspected and the dossier does not infer an exact year from the author name.

Wolf as enemy of game and livestock

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Logau 1, 108, 53, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this nonhuman-predator use. It is a source-reported lexicographic witness, not a directly inspected edition or a first figurative use.

Enemy of the country

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Schiller 543b, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the country-enemy construction. The underlying edition was not directly inspected and no precise composition date is assigned.

Enemy’s mouth proverb

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Goethe, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the proverb in a Goethe quotation. This is source-reported; the historical object and exact work locator were not directly inspected.

Enemies in a vice-and-innocence contrast

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Rost, Schäfergedichte 46, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the plural human-enemy occurrence. The source edition was not directly inspected, and the excerpt is not presented as a complete verse or corpus count.

Amor as an unwilling enemy

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Thümmel, Wilhelmine 23, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this personal-enemy use. The quoted edition was not directly inspected, and the dossier makes no first-use or frequency claim.

Friendly hawking rivalry in Erec

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hasz, m., sense 1; Erec 2059

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the passage as evidence for rivalry in pursuit of a goal. The underlying edition or manuscript was not directly inspected, and the record does not claim that every medieval haʒ was friendly.

Hostile pursuit or action in Kudrun

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hasz, m., sense 1; Gudrun 638

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this passage beneath the hostile-pursuit or action sense. The object was not directly inspected, and the short excerpt does not independently settle the word’s original meaning.

Love turning into hate

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning examples

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Duden supplies a current usage example. It establishes semantic opposition in contemporary German, not shared ancestry between Liebe and Hass or a dated historical event.

Old High German liubî record reported by the EWA article

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Band V, Spalte 1387; liubî paragraph

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary excerpt and dated source horizon were reviewed; no underlying manuscript image was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for adverb

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, noun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Century-level source report; no underlying fifteenth-century object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for betroth

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, verb

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Century-level source report; no underlying fourteenth-century object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for boy

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Century-level source report; no underlying object was directly inspected.

eDIL citation from O'Curry manuscript material

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

O'Curry 2579; Eg. 88, 49(50)a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL reports a contrast between cais and miscais. The cited manuscript object, full passage, and translation were not directly inspected, so the record does not assign an uncaveated sense to cais.

eDIL citation from O'Curry manuscript material

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

O'Curry 2581; Eg. 88, 49(50)b

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL reports the paired forms. The manuscript pixels and complete syntax were not inspected; the contrast is evidence for contextual opposition, not a dated semantic transition.

Ancient Laws of Ireland citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Laws v 460.20

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic citation. It preserves cais beside miscais, but no manuscript object or independent translation was directly reviewed.

ACC citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ACC 51; dar cais caindénam

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates this as "instead of hatred well-doing". The quotation and translation are dictionary-reported, and the underlying witness was not directly inspected.

ACC and O'Clery citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ACC 51; quoted O'Cl.; ba mór a chais

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates the clause as his step-mother's hatred for him. The source establishes one negative reading without making hatred the only sense of the headword.

Ailill and Aillinn citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

RC xiii 221.4; ba saincais-seom di Aillinn

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates this as the special love of Aillinn. The record is lexicographic rather than a direct inspection of the textual witness.

Dánta Grádha citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Dánta Gr. 15.26

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL places this citation in the love side of the entry. The source-reported line does not establish an earliest use or exact date for the sense.

metrical glossary citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Metr. Gl. D 60; caisi miosgois and caisi serc

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The glossary pairs the same headword with hatred and love glosses. This is strong lexicographic evidence for the opposition, not proof that both equations reflect one unchanged spoken sense.

O'Reilly poems citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

O'R Poems 2141; cais gach taidhg

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates this as the beloved of every poet. The dictionary citation was inspected, but not the underlying textual object.

Éigse citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Éigse i 86.8; mo chais is cais 'na agaid

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL tentatively translates the line as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark and source-reported status are preserved; the record does not resolve whether the two visible forms have distinct senses in the original syntax.

Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for candor

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, brightness sense

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported century for the English brightness sense; no underlying medieval witness was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for clew

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, noun sense 1

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported horizon for the literal ball-of-thread sense; no underlying Old or Middle English object was directly inspected.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, moral-awareness sense

FACSIMILE

Not linked

A lexicographic first-use report, not a directly inspected medieval object or proof of coinage.

Merriam-Webster source-reported English record

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Lexicographic first-use report

LOCATOR

First Known Use, noun

FACSIMILE

Not linked