WITNESS
THE WORD.

Ancient Greek literary record

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

λέγω

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Iliad, many-troubled woes for the Argives

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Iliad 1.445; CTS urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-grc2:1.445

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The digital critical-edition line was directly read, but no ancient or medieval manuscript object was inspected. The representative year marks the Homeric composition horizon, not an exact first use, copying date, or surviving artifact date.

Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

LSJ funeral-rites sense; Iliad 5.156

FACSIMILE

Not linked

LSJ reports the line under funeral rites and mourning. The underlying manuscript tradition was not directly inspected, and the year is only a representative Homeric-text horizon.

Odyssey, care or concern for others

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

LSJ care-about sense; Odyssey 22.254

FACSIMILE

Not linked

LSJ uses the phrase for the care-about sense. No manuscript object was inspected and the representative year does not assert first use.

Ancient Greek literary and documentary record

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

λόγος

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Latin legal and literary record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

lex

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense I; μῦς ἀρουραῖος, cited to Herodotus

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The lexicon-reported Herodotean occurrence was reviewed; the underlying historical text object was not directly inspected.

Greek lexical and grammatical tradition

LANGUAGE

Ancient Greek

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ἐτυμολογία

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Latin literary record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

legō / legere

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Latin political and lexical record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

candidatus

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Cicero, De officiis 1.12.37, as reported in Lewis and Short

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Headword introduction; Cic. Off. 1.12.37

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary citation and excerpt were reviewed; no manuscript or edition image was directly inspected.

Latin literary and epigraphic record

LANGUAGE

Latin

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

salarium

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Matthew 5:43 [CA], token fiais

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. The underlying folio was not directly inspected for this dossier, and the record does not infer an unwritten infinitive from the surface form.

Codex Argenteus, Matthew 6:24

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Matthew 6:24 [CA], token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. This is a source-reported corpus record rather than a fresh object inspection.

Codex Argenteus, John 7:7

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 7:7 [CA], second token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this second John 7:7 token in the verified section. The separate token count is retained even though it shares a verse and folio with the inspected infinitive.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:18 [CA], token fijai

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the optative token in the verified section; the manuscript object was not directly inspected here.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:18 [CA], token fijaida

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the preterite token in the verified section and inventories it separately from fijai in the same verse.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:19

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:19 [CA], token fijaid

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. No claim about first use or ordinary frequency is made.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:23

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:23 [CA], first token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila inventories the first verified fijaiþ in John 15:23 as a separate token.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:23

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:23 [CA], second token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila inventories the repeated verified fijaiþ in the same verse as a second token.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:24

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:24 [CA], token fijaidedun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this third-person-plural preterite in the verified section.

Codex Argenteus, John 15:25

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 15:25 [CA], token fijaidedun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section; the verse-level object was not directly inspected here.

Codex Argenteus, John 17:14

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

John 17:14 [CA], token fijaida

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token in the verified section. This record preserves the corpus assignment without claiming that all Gothic hate contexts share one sense.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 14:26

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 14:26 [CA], token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous but the token as not verified and morphosyntactically ambiguous among several present forms.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 16:13

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 16:13 [CA], token fijaiþ

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining unresolved person, mood, or imperative analyses.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:14

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:14 [CA], token fijaidedun

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this preterite token as not verified but unambiguous for fijan.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:22 [CA], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands analyses and marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous. No forced lemma assignment is made.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:35 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both verb and noun analyses. The Greek enemy context favors the lexicalized noun, but the corpus preserves the formal ambiguity.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:27 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands. The surface record remains in the overlap set rather than being counted as a secure verb token.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous between the verb and enemy noun.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 20:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 20:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila preserves both analyses. The dossier does not convert an enemy translation into proof of one morphological lemma.

Codex Argenteus, Mark 12:36

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Mark 12:36 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both fijan and fijands analyses; the underlying object was not directly inspected for this record.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 1:71 [CA], token fijandam

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this token under both fijands and fijan and marks it lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous. Its directly inspected surface form already exists as witness 286 under the overlapping verb dossier; this row does not double-count that object inspection.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:22 [CA], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both noun and verb analyses. The accusative singular surface form alone does not choose enemy or one who hates.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:27 [CA], token fijandam

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists this token under both lemmas. Its directly inspected surface form already exists as witness 288 under the overlapping verb dossier; this row preserves the noun candidate without claiming a second object inspection.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 6:35 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The nominative-plural or participial surface form remains explicitly ambiguous in Project Wulfila.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:27

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:27 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The surface form is shared by the noun and productive participle inventories; no forced lemma assignment is made.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 19:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila marks the token lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous.

Codex Argenteus, Luke 20:43

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luke 20:43 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila retains both the enemy noun and hating-participle analyses.

Codex Argenteus, Mark 12:36

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Mark 12:36 [CA], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The token is a corpus candidate for both lemmas rather than a secure noun count.

Old English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

lufu

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Otfried, friends addressed directly

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; O. II.8,45

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Grimm reports the edited Old High German quotation and locator. No manuscript object was directly inspected and the representative year does not claim an exact copying date.

Otfried, beloved friends

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; O. V.25,54

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The historical dictionary supplies the quotation. The underlying object was not directly inspected.

Old English gecynde passage reported by Loureiro-Porto

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Chapter 2, historical development of kind of

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The scholarly monograph and edited excerpt were inspected, not the underlying manuscript object. The form is reported in an Old English passage and is not promoted as the earliest surviving token.

Old English lexical record

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

cliewen

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Orosius translation, Hannibal as no friend of the Romans

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.2b; Orosius, History iv. viii. 99

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the early Old English political-alliance context. The representative year is period-level and not an exact copying date.

King Alfred’s Pastoral Care, Devil as Old Enemy

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Pastoral Care xxxvi. 261

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED cites this early Old English record for the Devil sense. The manuscript object was not directly inspected in this review and the representative year is not a precise copying date.

Metres of Boethius, Nero as a wicked person

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Metres of Boethius xv. 7

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED uses Nero as an early example of the malevolent or cruel-person sense. The underlying damaged manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Boethius, friends and foes contrast

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Boethius 20; Fox 72, 21

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the explicit friend-versus-foe contrast and the i-mutated plural form. The Cotton variant fiend is noted by the dictionary but no manuscript was directly inspected.

Saxon Confession genitive occurrence

LANGUAGE

Old Saxon

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

S 318,8 = Wa 16,11

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The Academy dictionary prints genitive singular hetias and the full confession sequence, while its source key dates the Saxon Confession to the tenth century. The manuscript object itself was not directly inspected; 950 is only a representative point inside that century.

Egill, Sonatorrek 24

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum citation 1 of 49

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Lexicon Poeticum renders the context as enemies and reports 960, but explicitly warns that its concordance is unreviewed and dates may derive from earlier editions. No manuscript object was inspected.

Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Hákonarmál 12

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum citation 2 of 49

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The project translates the phrase as and your enemies fled and reports 961 under an explicit date-check warning. It is a source-reported composition date, not an inspected manuscript date.

Resignation of the World, hating crimes

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Exeter Book 98a; Thorpe 366, 16; Reb. 13

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the edited example “let us hate crimes.” The manuscript object was not directly inspected and the representative year is not a precise copying date.

Psalm, hands of haters

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 105, 10

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports an inflected participial form in a Psalm translation. This establishes a source-reported lexical occurrence, not direct manuscript inspection.

Psalm, hating unjust ways

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 118, 128; 138, 19

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the first-person form with unjust ways as object. No claim is made that this is a first use.

Elene, animals and friends

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Elene 360; Kemble 719

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports a plural present form in the proposition that brute animals do not hate their friends. The manuscript pixels were not inspected.

Psalm, people who hate without cause

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 68, 4; 73, 22

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural variant feógeaþ. The record is an edited dictionary example, not a complete corpus count.

Psalm, hating workers of deceit

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Th. 100, 3; 118, 113

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports a past-tense form. Its source location is preserved without claiming direct access to the historical object.

Juliana and Elene, hating the Lord’s law

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Exeter Book 66a; Thorpe 243, 21; Juliana 14; Elene 356

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past form and its law object. The entry aggregates two editorial references; neither manuscript was directly inspected here.

Psalm, those who hate peace

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Spl. C. 119, 6

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past variant feódun. The source report does not prove one standardized spelling.

Christ, hating God’s temple

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Exeter Book 18a; Thorpe 44, 27; Christ 709

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural past variant feódan. The date is representative and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Psalm, imperative to hate evil

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ps. Spl. C. 96, 10

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports both the edited form and manuscript-T variant. This supports variation inside the verb; it does not independently establish pronunciation or a separate lexeme.

Beowulf line 101, enemy in hell

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Beowulf 101

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED cites the Old English enemy or foe sense. The aligned Electronic Beowulf text was consulted, but the folio pixels for this separate occurrence were not directly inspected in this dossier.

Soul’s enemy example

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

L. E. I. 3; Thorpe ii 404, 9

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the edited Old English example and its soul’s-enemy sense. No first-use or manuscript-object claim is made.

Dream of the Rood, human enemies

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Rood 30; Krapp 33

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the plural human-enemies occurrence. Its date is representative and the manuscript image was not inspected here.

Guthlac A, fallen spirits

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Guthlac A 421

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED cites the plural for fallen angels or evil spirits. This remains a source-reported lexical witness rather than a directly inspected manuscript object.

Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Word History, noun etymology

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Merriam-Webster reports the form as the one attestation of cynræden, accusative or dative. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk record discussed by Alonso de la Fuente

LANGUAGE

Old Turkic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Abstract and Turkic philological analysis

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The historical form and century are reported by the scholarly article; SET-U has not directly inspected the manuscript or edition page.

Leiden Willeram, enemies of God

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 013,12; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-plural uiande and locates the record at Egmond. No codex page was directly inspected.

Leiden Willeram, enemies of bride and bridegroom

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 073,04; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports the dative-plural uiandan inside a longer clause and notes an editorial supplement elsewhere in the passage. No manuscript object was inspected.

Leiden Willeram, army camp

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 101,11; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-plural uiende. The historical-dictionary surface was inspected, not the underlying witness object.

Leiden Willeram, enemy of God clause

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; LW 013,12; Egmond, Holland

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW locates and translates the clause as however they are your enemies. The lexical record was inspected; no underlying codex page was directly inspected.

Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN vroegnnl.; Willeram

FACSIMILE

Not linked

EWN supplies the edited quotation and approximate date. No manuscript object was directly inspected.

Old Dutch Willeram, beloved companion and friend

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN vroegnnl.; Willeram

FACSIMILE

Not linked

EWN reports the edited text. The record does not claim first use or direct object inspection.

Gísl Illugason, Magnússflokkr 7

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum word record 89176

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The present participle is translated as his enemies, showing lexicalized hostile participants. The attribution date and concordance row remain source-reported and unreviewed.

Ormulum, bridegroom's friend

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; Ormulum, Burchfield transcript, line 17960

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the transcript and approximate date. No manuscript pixels were inspected, and the representative year does not claim an exact copying event.

Ormulum kin quotation in the Middle English Dictionary

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

MED24246, sense 1a, Ormulum line 2069

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary record and edited quotation were inspected, not the underlying Junius 1 manuscript object. This verifies a located medieval use, not the earliest surviving token.

Bodleian Homilies cynde quotation in the Middle English Dictionary

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

MED24248, sense 1a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary record and edited quotation were inspected, not the underlying manuscript object. This verifies a located medieval noun use, not the first surviving token.

CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French ethimologie

LANGUAGE

Old French

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

History: Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Chronique des ducs de Normandie, verse 904

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported medieval text and locator; the underlying manuscript or edition page was not directly inspected.

Anonymous Leiðarvísan 31

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum poetic citation

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Lexicon Poeticum translates the surrounding record with fiend and reports 1190. No underlying manuscript object was inspected, and the project’s dating disclaimer is retained.

Iwein, best friend

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; Iwein 2742

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Grimm reports the literary quotation and line. No manuscript object was directly inspected and the year remains approximate.

Iwein, Gawain as best friend

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; Iwein 4850

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary supplies the edited line; SET-U did not inspect a medieval witness.

Icelandic homily, Adam as ancestor

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c179492; HómÍsl 43 (1993) 71r:12; Holm perg 15 4°

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the phrase under ancestor and supplies the manuscript date and folio locator. The dictionary record was inspected; the manuscript image was not used for a direct token claim.

Middle English textual corpus

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

love n.

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

Spakmǽli Prospers: Epigrammata

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Prosper677 9.10; AM 677 4°, fols. 1r-6v

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP places this passage under a question-marked mockery or scorn sense with Latin irrisio. The representative year lies inside the manuscript range; the object was not directly inspected and the semantic proposal remains uncertain.

Floyris, hearing the words of his friend

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN mnl.; VMNW citation

FACSIMILE

Not linked

EWN supplies the dated edited quotation. The representative midpoint year supports discovery only; no manuscript object was inspected.

Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 19

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum word record 290540

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The poetic record is translated with damage to the deep wave-ground. The public concordance warns that records and dates require review, so the token is not promoted as a directly inspected manuscript or an uncontested semantic stage.

Friend-versus-foe contrast

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Old English Homilies, 1st Series, p. 231

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this early enemy-or-foe occurrence and notes possible Old English composition. The manuscript object was not directly inspected, and the displayed year is a source-reported horizon rather than a precise copying date.

Van Veen and Van der Sijs early Middle Dutch form inventory

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

EWN subentry Van Veen and Van der Sijs

FACSIMILE

Not linked

This is a source-reported historical form inventory, not a directly inspected medieval token or an exact first-use claim.

Ghent documentary record

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; Corpus I, p. 26, lines 5–7; Ghent, East Flanders

FACSIMILE

Not linked

VMNW identifies this as the oldest attestation in its thirteenth-century corpus. It is a located corpus report, not a directly inspected charter object or proof of coinage.

Grágás, friends-or-kin versus enemies formula

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c198641; GrgKon I 206:8; GKS 1157 fol

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the citation under friend while flagging possible kin sense 3 and supplies the manuscript date and shelfmark. SET-U inspected the dictionary citation record, not the underlying manuscript token.

Malevolent creatures or monsters

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Laȝamon, Brut, Caligula manuscript, line 907

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this occurrence under the obsolete monster sense. The historical object was not directly inspected and the dating remains source-reported.

Liuis firist, gathering one's friend

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Supplemental Materials; Trinity College Cambridge B.14.39, line 4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

MED reports the newly indexed spelling frent and manuscript locator. The underlying object was not directly inspected.

Morkinskinna, friends becoming enemies

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c198959; Mork 263:19; GKS 1009 fol

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files this record under friend and compares Hávamál 43. The digital citation page and metadata were read, but no manuscript object was directly inspected.

Morkinskinna

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP c265758; Mork 10321

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns the middle-voice construction hataz við to hostile opposition. The manuscript object was linked but not directly inspected for this token.

Rijmbijbel, Lucifer apposition

LANGUAGE

Middle Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 2.1; Rijmb., p. 531, lines 24–26; West Flanders

FACSIMILE

Not linked

VMNW explicitly files the passage under the Devil or fallen archangel sense. The edition and manuscript object were not directly inspected.

Hirðskrá manuscript record

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Citation c790383; AM 322 fol, main edition Hirð 417.7; variant AM 322 fol 8va11

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns this lone citation to a masculine entry but explicitly flags the analysis as possibly an elementary error. Neither the manuscript pixels nor the edition were directly inspected here.

Demon-like being

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Guy of Warwick, Auchinleck manuscript, p. 430

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this Middle English demon comparison. The manuscript object was not directly inspected, and the representative year does not collapse composition and copying dates.

Anonymous, Fourth Grammatical Treatise verse 8

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Lexicon Poeticum word record 241911

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The poetic record is translated virtue is destroyed. The asterisk on rataz belongs to the edition's reading, not to a Proto-form, and the source warns that its concordance and dates require review.

Enemy in feudal context

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ayenbite, p. 19

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the south-eastern variant uyende under the obsolete enemy sense. The record is source-reported and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Matthias von Beheim, Matthew 5:11

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 1; Behaim, Evangelienbuch, Matthew 5:11

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB aligns the passage with Latin persecuti vos fuerint and later German verfolgen. The 1867 edition and manuscript were not directly inspected; 1343 is the work horizon, not a token-level dating proof.

Matthias von Beheim, John 5:16

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 1; Behaim, Evangelienbuch, John 5:16

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB aligns the clause with Latin persequebantur and German verfolgten. The underlying edition and manuscript were not directly inspected, so the action interpretation remains source-reported.

Árni’s Christian law, GKS 3270 4° variant

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ÁKr 22:23; GKS 3270 4° B

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP locates fiandanom as a manuscript variant for andskotanom and reports the manuscript as c.1350. The citation record and linked image index were inspected, but the exact token was not directly verified on the manuscript image.

Middle English Dictionary citation to Chaucer’s Parson’s Tale

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

c1390 Chaucer CT.Pars. I.989

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary citation and short excerpt were inspected; the underlying manuscript object was not, so this remains source-reported.

John Trevisa’s translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus as indexed by the Middle English Dictionary

LANGUAGE

Middle English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Trev.Barth. (BL Add MS 27944), fol. 19b/a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The edited dictionary quotation and manuscript stencil were inspected, but the underlying manuscript leaf was not. The occurrence witnesses -logie inside a host word and is not claimed as an autonomous suffix token or the earliest surviving example.

The Devil’s snare

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Chaucer, Man of Law’s Tale, line 571

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the Devil sense in a Middle English witness. This is a source-reported quotation, not a directly inspected manuscript object.

Albrecht Achilles source reported by DRW

LANGUAGE

Early New High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AlbrAchillesMerckB. 105

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The legal-dictionary report was inspected; the underlying document image was not.

Skriptamál Ólafar Loftsdóttur

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP c265750; DI VI 24226

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns the confession to mock or humiliate with abusive words. The date belongs to the document tradition; the cited manuscript copy is later and was not directly inspected.

German Bible enemy proverb

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Bibel 1483, p. 304, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The public DWB entry reports this dated Bible occurrence. The printed 1483 object was not directly inspected and no absolute-first-use claim is made.

Gustav I’s registratur, friendship-with-enemies clause

LANGUAGE

Old Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

GR 1:31

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates the early-modern political or collective enemy use. The dictionary record was inspected; no underlying document object was inspected.

Swedish New Testament, Matthew 5:43

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

NT 1526, Matthew 5:43

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates the enemy token in the love-and-hate contrast. It supports ordinary enemy use and does not make modern hata the morphological parent of fiende.

Swedish New Testament, 1 Peter 5:8

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

NT 1526, 1 Peter 5:8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB records the Devil apposition. The lexical record supports historical Fienden or the enemy as the Devil; no printed-page object was directly inspected.

Luther record reported by FWB

LANGUAGE

Early New High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Luther, WA 47, 505, 1

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Shows the human-incitement construction in a located source report; it is not promoted as the first metaphorical use.

Olaus Magnus, Devil sense

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Hist. 1555, SAOB sense I.1.b

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates another early-modern Devil use. It is source-reported evidence and does not show that the demonic branch was the only meaning.

Early New High German proverb record

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hasz, m., sense 2; Agricola, Sprichwörter (1560), 120a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this dated printed occurrence for hostile disposition and strife. The 1560 object was not directly inspected, so the claim remains source-reported.

Agricola, Sprichwörter

LANGUAGE

Early New High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 2; Agricola, Sprichwörter (1560), 89b

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this dated printed occurrence under the feeling-centered sense. The 1560 object was not directly inspected, so the passage remains source-reported.

Molina 1571 Nahuatl dictionary entry

LANGUAGE

Classical Nahuatl

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ahuacatl — Molina 2

FACSIMILE

Not linked

UNAM reports the historical dictionary entry. SET-U has not directly inspected Molina's original printed page.

Foul Fiend as Devil

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Shakespeare, King Lear, scene xiii, line 8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this early modern Devil use. The quoted edition record was not directly inspected in this dossier.

Hobbes translation of Aristotle, explicit love definition

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; Briefe Art Rhetorique ii.76

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the dated printed-text quotation. It documents one early modern definition in context, not the timeless original meaning of every use of friend.

Seventeenth-century figurative tree-enemy use

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

SAOB sense I.1.c, 1651 example

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB records an inanimate figurative enemy relation between trees. The excerpt is lexical evidence, not a claim about modern botanical terminology.

Seventeenth-century hidden-enemy proverb

LANGUAGE

Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

SAOB sense I.1.a, 1665 example

FACSIMILE

Not linked

SAOB locates the hater-versus-enemy contrast. The example is historically suggestive but does not by itself establish the prehistoric participial derivation.

Fiend incarnate as a person

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

F. Bragge, Practical Discourses, p. 152

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports this malevolent-person use. It is a source-reported lexicographic occurrence, not a directly inspected primary object.

Peder Syv song collection

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ODS sense 2, PSyv.Viser (1695), p. 586

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ODS reports the dated printed citation under collective wartime enemy. The underlying 1695 page was not directly inspected.

Jacob von Tyboe

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Holbergordbog headword, Tyb (1731) V 8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Holbergordbog reports Fiænde in the 1731 text and Fiende in a 1742 version. No print object was directly inspected.

Goethe, Faust I, Marthe on social order

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWB Freund; Goethe bibliography link

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Grimm reports the printed-text quotation. The primary edition was not directly inspected, and the token demonstrates a supporter-of sense rather than an original meaning.

John Shakespear dictionary entry reported by Faruqi

LANGUAGE

Urdu

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Interesting information — older چا and چا دان spellings

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Rekhta reports the 1834 dictionary forms. SET-U has not directly inspected the printed dictionary page; the record demonstrates an older spelling, not the origin date.

Andrews Hawaiian dictionary entry

LANGUAGE

Hawaiian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ka-pu entries, Andrews 1836

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary record is reproduced by the institutional portal; SET-U has not inspected the original printed page as an artifact.

Te Waka Maori o Niu Tirani example

LANGUAGE

Māori

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Tapu definition 4; TWMNT 3/4/1872:58

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dated example is source-reported. SET-U has not directly inspected the underlying newspaper page.

G. Callaway, Fellowship of Veld, source-reported by DSAE

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense a, first quotation; Fellowship of Veld, p. 25

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary's located quotation was reviewed; the underlying 1926 book page was not directly inspected, so this remains a source-reported lexical record.

Vasmer чай headword

LANGUAGE

Russian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

чай — etymology and Turkic comparisons

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The witness is the published etymological dictionary record, not the earliest Russian use.

Max Frisch, Homo faber

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DWDS example; Frisch, Homo faber, p. 80

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWDS supplies the located literary example. The printed book page was not directly inspected; the year identifies the work’s publication horizon rather than a first use.

Qajaq. Inoqarfinni tamani

LANGUAGE

Greenlandic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Qajaq-terms — qajaq row

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The institutional terminology record is source-reported; no underlying 1987 page image was directly inspected.

newspaper personal-enemy joke

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1.b, NyDag1988

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated example under the personal enemy or uven branch.

schoolbook historical narrative

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1, skoleb1991

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated example for the ordinary personal and political enemy sense.

newspaper ideological-opponent use

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1.c, JyP1992

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated example for opponents of an institution or political order.

television figurative-threat use

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

DDO sense 1.d, TV21992

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DDO supplies the dated figurative example. Rain is not part of the inherited agent gloss; the record documents semantic extension.

Modern plural evil spirits

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

T. M. Lakomy, The Shadow Crucible, p. 210

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the modern plural under the demon sense. The source object was not directly inspected and no frequency claim is made.

Corpus Hedendaags Nederlands selection

LANGUAGE

Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ANW selected examples, 2017

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ANW supplies a contemporary plural example for a collective geopolitical enemy. The full source document was not directly inspected and no first-use claim is made.

Güncel Türkçe Sözlük headword

LANGUAGE

Turkish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

çay headword and current senses

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The year identifies the cited dictionary edition, not the first appearance of the word in Turkish.

Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa headword

LANGUAGE

Portuguese

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

chá — pronunciation, senses, and etymology

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The online institutional dictionary entry was inspected; this is a current lexical record, not a first-use claim.

WikiWoordenboek pronunciation entry

LANGUAGE

Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Uitspraak; IPA

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The community entry was inspected only for current IPA and syllable count. It does not establish ancestry, historical pronunciation, or first use.

Merriam-Webster noun combining-form entry

LANGUAGE

Present-Day English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

-logy, noun combining form

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary entry was inspected as a lexical record. It supplies no first-use date for the bound form and is not treated as a primary historical object.

Dumnorix in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico

LANGUAGE

Gaulish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Book 1, section 18

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the host spelling Dumnorix in the passage; the internal -rīx analysis comes from the cited linguistic sources.

Vercingetorix in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico

LANGUAGE

Gaulish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Book 7, section 4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The digital Latin edition was inspected, not an ancient manuscript or first-century physical object. This record verifies the host spelling Vercingetorix in the passage; the internal -rīx analysis comes from the cited linguistic sources.

Deliverance from enemies

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Weckherlin 46, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the inflected plural in this edited quotation. The underlying historical object was not directly inspected and the dossier does not infer an exact year from the author name.

Wolf as enemy of game and livestock

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Logau 1, 108, 53, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this nonhuman-predator use. It is a source-reported lexicographic witness, not a directly inspected edition or a first figurative use.

Enemy of the country

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Schiller 543b, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the country-enemy construction. The underlying edition was not directly inspected and no precise composition date is assigned.

Enemy’s mouth proverb

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Goethe, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the proverb in a Goethe quotation. This is source-reported; the historical object and exact work locator were not directly inspected.

Enemies in a vice-and-innocence contrast

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Rost, Schäfergedichte 46, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the plural human-enemy occurrence. The source edition was not directly inspected, and the excerpt is not presented as a complete verse or corpus count.

Amor as an unwilling enemy

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Thümmel, Wilhelmine 23, as reported by DWB

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this personal-enemy use. The quoted edition was not directly inspected, and the dossier makes no first-use or frequency claim.

Friendly hawking rivalry in Erec

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hasz, m., sense 1; Erec 2059

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the passage as evidence for rivalry in pursuit of a goal. The underlying edition or manuscript was not directly inspected, and the record does not claim that every medieval haʒ was friendly.

Hostile pursuit or action in Kudrun

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hasz, m., sense 1; Gudrun 638

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports this passage beneath the hostile-pursuit or action sense. The object was not directly inspected, and the short excerpt does not independently settle the word’s original meaning.

Love turning into hate

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning examples

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Duden supplies a current usage example. It establishes semantic opposition in contemporary German, not shared ancestry between Liebe and Hass or a dated historical event.

Old High German liubî record reported by the EWA article

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Band V, Spalte 1387; liubî paragraph

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary excerpt and dated source horizon were reviewed; no underlying manuscript image was directly inspected.

eDIL citation from O'Curry manuscript material

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

O'Curry 2579; Eg. 88, 49(50)a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL reports a contrast between cais and miscais. The cited manuscript object, full passage, and translation were not directly inspected, so the record does not assign an uncaveated sense to cais.

eDIL citation from O'Curry manuscript material

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

O'Curry 2581; Eg. 88, 49(50)b

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL reports the paired forms. The manuscript pixels and complete syntax were not inspected; the contrast is evidence for contextual opposition, not a dated semantic transition.

Ancient Laws of Ireland citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Laws v 460.20

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported lexicographic citation. It preserves cais beside miscais, but no manuscript object or independent translation was directly reviewed.

ACC citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ACC 51; dar cais caindénam

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates this as "instead of hatred well-doing". The quotation and translation are dictionary-reported, and the underlying witness was not directly inspected.

ACC and O'Clery citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ACC 51; quoted O'Cl.; ba mór a chais

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates the clause as his step-mother's hatred for him. The source establishes one negative reading without making hatred the only sense of the headword.

Ailill and Aillinn citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

RC xiii 221.4; ba saincais-seom di Aillinn

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates this as the special love of Aillinn. The record is lexicographic rather than a direct inspection of the textual witness.

Dánta Grádha citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Dánta Gr. 15.26

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL places this citation in the love side of the entry. The source-reported line does not establish an earliest use or exact date for the sense.

metrical glossary citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Metr. Gl. D 60; caisi miosgois and caisi serc

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The glossary pairs the same headword with hatred and love glosses. This is strong lexicographic evidence for the opposition, not proof that both equations reflect one unchanged spoken sense.

O'Reilly poems citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

O'R Poems 2141; cais gach taidhg

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL translates this as the beloved of every poet. The dictionary citation was inspected, but not the underlying textual object.

Éigse citation in eDIL

LANGUAGE

Middle Irish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Éigse i 86.8; mo chais is cais 'na agaid

FACSIMILE

Not linked

eDIL tentatively translates the line as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark and source-reported status are preserved; the record does not resolve whether the two visible forms have distinct senses in the original syntax.

Söderwall Fiande, MP passage

LANGUAGE

Old Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

MP 5:147

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Söderwall’s dictionary supplies the displayed edition excerpt and locator. The spelling and punctuation are preserved from the digital lexical record; no medieval witness was directly inspected.

Söderwall Fiande, Devil passage

LANGUAGE

Old Swedish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

SpV 584

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Söderwall files the passage under Fiande and its especially-Devil semantic branch. This is a source-reported edited text, not a directly inspected manuscript object.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 7:15

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 7:15 [A], token fija

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the token as not verified but unambiguous for fijan. The palimpsest object was not directly inspected in this review.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 9:13

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 9:13 [A], token fijaida

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining first- versus third-person preterite ambiguity.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 11:28

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 11:28 [A], token fijandans

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila places this token in the not-verified-but-unambiguous verb group; Ayora Estevan analyzes the accusative plural as a present participle while noting wider constructional ambiguity.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 12:9

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 12:9 [A], token fiandans

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila assigns the token unambiguously to fijan. Ayora Estevan uses its accusative object ubila to diagnose verbal participial syntax.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Ephesians 5:29

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ephesians 5:29 [A], token fijaida

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the lemma assignment as unambiguous while retaining first- versus third-person preterite ambiguity. The object was not directly inspected.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 8:7

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 8:7 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The corpus marks the token lexically ambiguous. Ayora Estevan analyzes the construction as the independent enemy noun with a du-dative complement.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 12:20

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 12:20 [A], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both the verb and enemy-noun analyses. The A witness is retained separately from Codex Carolinus.

Codex Carolinus, Romans 12:20

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 12:20 [Car], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both analyses and inventories the Carolinus reading separately from Ambrosianus A.

Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:25

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

1 Corinthians 15:25 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila preserves the lexically ambiguous surface token; Greek enemy context alone is not treated as a morphological proof.

Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:26

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

1 Corinthians 15:26 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both analyses for the token aligned with the last enemy, death.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Galatians 4:16

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Galatians 4:16 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila keeps both candidates; Ayora Estevan uses nominative inflection and predicative syntax to analyze the contextual noun enemy.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Philippians 3:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Philippians 3:18 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The A witness is one of the 21 overlap tokens shared by the fijan and fijands inventories.

Codex Ambrosianus B, Philippians 3:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Philippians 3:18 [B], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The B witness is counted separately and remains lexically ambiguous in Project Wulfila.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Colossians 1:21

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 1:21 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both candidates; the source-reported A witness is not directly inspected here.

Codex Ambrosianus B, Colossians 1:21

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 1:21 [B], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila inventories the B witness separately while retaining the same lexical ambiguity.

Codex Ambrosianus A, 2 Thessalonians 3:15

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

2 Thessalonians 3:15 [A], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both verb and noun analyses and retains several formal readings; the object was not directly inspected.

Codex Ambrosianus B, 2 Thessalonians 3:15

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

2 Thessalonians 3:15 [B], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The B witness is a separate overlap record with the same unresolved lexical and morphosyntactic analyses.

Codex Ambrosianus D, Nehemiah 6:16

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Nehemiah 6:16 [D], token fiands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists the j-less token under both fijan and fijands. The surface spelling is preserved without deciding the noun-versus-participle question.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 8:7

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 8:7 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The palimpsest token is source-reported and explicitly ambiguous; its object was not directly inspected in this review.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Romans 12:20

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 12:20 [A], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila preserves the A witness separately and marks its noun-versus-participle analysis unresolved.

Codex Carolinus, Romans 12:20

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Romans 12:20 [Car], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The Carolinus witness duplicates the passage but remains a distinct manuscript token candidate, not a second historical usage event.

Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:25

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

1 Corinthians 15:25 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both lemma analyses and no direct object inspection is claimed.

Codex Ambrosianus A, 1 Corinthians 15:26

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

1 Corinthians 15:26 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The adjacent verse is a separate token candidate but not evidence that every identical form is nominal.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Galatians 4:16

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Galatians 4:16 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Ayora Estevan analyzes the context as the lexical noun enemy, while Project Wulfila keeps the automated token status formally ambiguous; both layers remain visible.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Philippians 3:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Philippians 3:18 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The A witness is one ambiguous manuscript candidate.

Codex Ambrosianus B, Philippians 3:18

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Philippians 3:18 [B], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The B witness is retained separately without converting manuscript duplication into usage frequency.

Codex Ambrosianus A, Colossians 1:21

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 1:21 [A], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila lists both noun and participle analyses.

Codex Ambrosianus B, Colossians 1:21

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 1:21 [B], token fijands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The second manuscript witness remains an ambiguous token candidate.

Codex Ambrosianus A, 2 Thessalonians 3:15

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

2 Thessalonians 3:15 [A], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The A witness cannot be assigned by its surface form alone.

Codex Ambrosianus B, 2 Thessalonians 3:15

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

2 Thessalonians 3:15 [B], token fijand

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The B witness is a second manuscript candidate, not a second securely distinct lexical event.

Codex Ambrosianus D, Nehemiah 6:16

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Nehemiah 6:16 [D], token fiands

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The j-less form remains categorically ambiguous and the palimpsest object was not directly inspected.

Gammeldansk Ordbog headword record

LANGUAGE

Old Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Headword fiende; Kendt siden 1100–1300

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary supplies a broad known-since interval and the gloss fjende. The linked citation-card server did not yield an inspectable record, so no exact year, text, repository object, or first-use claim is added.

Peder Paars line

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Holbergordbog headword, Paars 45

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary files the line under three-syllable Fiende. This is an edited lexical and metrical report, not a recording or inspected first edition.

Peder Paars line

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Holbergordbog headword, Paars 99

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The dictionary files the line under two-syllable realization and compares Finde and Fînde spellings. No audio or underlying print object is claimed.

the old enemy as the Devil

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ODS sense 1.1 and supplement

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ODS explicitly identifies the phrase as a religious use for the Devil. It is a semantic branch, not the noun’s sole or original Danish meaning.

lamb and wolf example

LANGUAGE

Danish

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ODS sense 1.2, Tullin II.61

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ODS files the example under extension to animals. The citation is source-reported and the underlying edition was not inspected.

Hýmiskviða 22

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Skaldic Project Teaching Texts, Hýmiskviða 22

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The normalized teaching text was inspected and Cleasby, Fritzner, and Lexicon Poeticum locate the verb in this stanza. No manuscript object, exact composition date, or first-use status is claimed.

Lokasenna 35

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Voluspa.org literal text, Lokasenna 35

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The normalized verse gives the finite form fíár in the clause whom no one hates. Cleasby and Fritzner independently locate the verb at Lokasenna 35. The transcription is not a manuscript inspection, and Skaldic Project's parallel old-edition surface warns that it should not be cited as a checked edition.

Skírnismál 33

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Skaldic Project Teaching Texts, Skírnismál 33

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The teaching text preserves the reflexive form fiásk in a curse context. Cleasby, Zoëga, and Fritzner classify the reflexive with fjá. No manuscript object or exact composition date was inspected.

Enemy and unfriendly-person contrast

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP sense 1, ÓH619 111:8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the phrase under enemy or opponent. The edited database record was inspected, not its underlying manuscript object.

Friends-versus-enemies formula

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP sense 1, GrgKon I 206:8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP preserves a direct textual opposition between kin or friends and enemies. The collocation is not evidence that frændi and fjándi are cognates.

Pagan-god semantic branch

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP sense 4, KlmB x 161:26

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the clause under pagan god or heathen god. The evidence establishes a contextual branch, not the inherited core meaning.

Evil-spirit semantic branch

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP sense 3, Páll II A 253:4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the exorcism context under evil spirit. No manuscript object was directly inspected.

Devil or Satan semantic branch

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP sense 5, HómÍsl 24 (1993) 35v:21

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the passage under the Devil, fiend, or Satan and aligns it with Latin antiquus hostis. The edited citation is not treated as a manuscript inspection.

Derogatory term applied to an animal

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP sense 6, Þiðr II x 393:23

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP’s sixth sense includes hated or bewitched people, animals, and objects; this context applies the term to a horse. It demonstrates semantic extension without making horse part of the inherited gloss.

Beowulf, Heorot filled with friends

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; Beowulf 1018

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the edited Old English line. No manuscript object was directly inspected, and the record does not claim first use or an exact composition year.

Alexander's Letter to Aristotle, beloved teacher as friend

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; translation of Alexander's Letter to Aristotle §2.224

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED supplies the source-reported quotation and locator. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.

King Alfred's translation of Augustine, degrees of friendship

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.1a; Soliloquies, MS Vitellius, i.16

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED reports the manuscript-based edition quotation. The Vitellius object was not directly inspected, and the wording does not prove a first use.

Njáls saga, a kinsman addressed directly

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c198890; NjR 10:10; AM 468 4°

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the line under kinsman, relative, or son and supplies a manuscript date range. No single representative year or directly inspected manuscript token is claimed.

Jónsbók, the nearest relative as heir

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c198323; Jb 94:1; AM 351 fol

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP supplies the legal context, shelfmark, and manuscript range. The record demonstrates a relative sense without claiming a first use or direct object inspection.

Andréss saga postula, foster-brother variant

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP citation c179450; Andr SÁM 1 37vb:33; SÁM 1

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP files the reading under foster brother or companion and exposes the fostbroður variant. Its citation page gives no manuscript date, so SET-U leaves the numeric year unresolved and claims no direct object inspection.

Elene, friend and foe antithesis

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Elene 954; Elen. Kmbl. 1904; Exon. 43a

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the edited antithetical phrase. No manuscript object was directly inspected for this record, and the pairing does not make the words cognates.

Gospel translation, friend of publicans and sinners

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Matthew 11:19; Luke 7:34

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the Old English gloss against Latin amicus. The record supports a relational epithet, not one exhaustive definition of frēond.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, friend of God

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Chronicle 654 and 656; Erl. 29:12 and 32:28

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller supplies the edited Chronicle occurrence. The underlying manuscript token was not inspected.

Metres of Boethius, lord regards neither friend nor foe

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Metres of Boethius 25:16; Fox 25:31

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller reports the friend-versus-foe contrast. This remains a source-reported lexical witness.

Laws of Æthelberht, friends arbitrate

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Laws of Æthelberht 65; Thorpe i.18:14

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Bosworth–Toller glosses the friends as arbitrators. The citation demonstrates a social and legal role without proving that every frēond was a formal arbitrator.

Rushworth Gospels, relatives rise against one another

LANGUAGE

Old English

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning A.3; Rushworth Gospels, Matthew 10:21

FACSIMILE

Not linked

OED files the Mercian reading under close relation or kinsman and contrasts the West Saxon Gospels reading magas. The manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Old High German Tatian, weeds parable

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sievers 1892, p. 96; T 72,2; Matthew 13:25

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The bilingual edition aligns fiiant with Latin inimicus eius. The digital text page was inspected, but no manuscript image, facsimile, or object was inspected, so directly_inspected remains false.

Old High German Tatian, Devil interpretation

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB T 76,4

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB locates the enemy in the parable and its explicit interpretation as the Devil. This is a dictionary-reported edition record, not a directly inspected witness object.

Old High German Tatian, Herod and Pilate

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB T 196,8

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB aligns the plural with Latin inimici and locates ordinary interpersonal or political enemy use.

Ludwigslied, public or military enemies

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB S 86,53

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB files the line under the public or military enemy sense. The dictionary notes that part of the ending is no longer legible in the witness tradition; no object was inspected here.

Otfrid, the Devil as enemy to man

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB O 3,10,12

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB uses the clause inside the fixed fîant uuesan group and the spiritual or Devil semantic field.

Panther and dragon formula

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB S 124,19

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB aligns the construction with Latin inimicum sit and uses it as evidence for the fixed formula in which participial history may remain visible.

Notker psalm commentary, hostile-to-me formula

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB NpNpw 138,22

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB groups the clause under fîant uuesan and prints the neighboring hate verb. It is strong semantic and syntactic context, not a directly inspected manuscript object.

Notker, make hostile formula

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB Nb 156,24 [168,7]

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB files the clause under fîant mahhôn, make someone an enemy or hostile.

Regard as enemy or hate formula

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB S 106,21

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB aligns the construction with perfecto odio oderam illos and explains zi fîante tuon as regard as an enemy or hate.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 53:7

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 053,07; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a dative-plural record and an editorial reading fiundon. The later copy was not directly inspected, and the language-period range is not a manuscript-object date.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 54:3

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 054,03; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a genitive-singular fiundes aligned with Latin inimici. The record is dictionary-reported and no manuscript object was inspected.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 54:13

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 054,13; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-singular fiunt in an enemy clause aligned with Latin inimicus. The surviving copy was not directly inspected.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 55:10

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 055,10; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-plural fiunda meaning my enemies. No original tenth-century object is claimed.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 58:2

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 058,02; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a dative-plural fiundun aligned with Latin inimicis. The later copy was not directly inspected.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 60:4

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript H, 060,04; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a genitive-singular fiundis aligned with Latin inimici. No manuscript object was inspected.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 67:22

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript I, 067,22; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports the single genitive-plural fiundo in its inflection table. The eighteenth-century copy date is preserved separately from the Old Dutch language date.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 68:19

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript I, 068,19; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports fiunda in an accusative-plural enemy phrase. The record belongs to a later copy and was not directly inspected at object level.

Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 73:3

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; WPs manuscript I, 073,03; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a second displayed nominative-singular fiunt. The source record, not an original manuscript object, was inspected.

Groningen psalm glosses

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 1; CG 135,10; Groningen

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW displays the dative-plural fiundum but explicitly says the Groningen psalm glosses are counted as Old Frisian. The row preserves that boundary and does not use the token as uncomplicated Old Dutch proof.

Middle Franconian rhymed text, recension B

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Mfr.Reimb. B, line 564; Werden, Essen?

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW marks viannden as sic and reports the Werden or Essen localization with uncertainty. No object was directly inspected.

Middle Franconian rhymed text, recension A

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Mfr.Reimb. A, line 350; Werden, Essen?

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports a nominative-plural uiande and an uncertain Werden or Essen localization. The record is source-reported.

Wachtendonck Psalms glosses, Habakkuk 3:5

LANGUAGE

Old Dutch

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Sense 2; WPs glosses, Abac. 003,05; South Lower Rhine

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONW reports that most editions read fiunt, Heyne proposed an error for diufil, and the initial D has competing analyses. This is not promoted as a secure Devil token or a directly inspected tenth-century object.

Rule text, preterite form

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB S 199,19 (B)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB prints the bilingual record under the first meaning group. The underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected and no exact year is assigned.

Rule text, infinitive with one’s own will

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB S 205,30 (B)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB aligns the infinitive with Latin odire. The source record supports hate or reject one’s own will without licensing a point-date first-use claim.

Rule text, infinitive with no person

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB S 206,3 (B)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB prints the bilingual record in the hate or be-hostile meaning group. The manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Gloss record, present participle

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB Gl 1,120,10 (K)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB says the Latin adjective is translated with the present participle here, while another witness may instead have the lexicalized noun fîant or a word-order exchange. The ambiguity remains explicit.

Passio Bartholomaei gloss, past participle

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB Gl 2,742,31 (Ja)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB inventories the accusative plural masculine past-participle form and says the record cannot be assigned more narrowly. No manuscript object was inspected.

Esther 14:15 gloss, infinitive

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

AWB Gl 1,493,51 (Rf)

FACSIMILE

Not linked

AWB files the Esther gloss under abhor or reject something. The biblical locator and lexical alignment are source-reported.

Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequamur

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the form and Latin alignment through Graff. Neither the underlying edition nor a manuscript object was directly inspected, and no exact year or universal meaning is asserted.

Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequuntur

LANGUAGE

Old High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

hassen, verb, sense 1; Graff 4, 1071–1072

FACSIMILE

Not linked

DWB reports the form and Latin alignment through Graff. The underlying object was not directly inspected, and the record does not prove that every Old High German use was pursuit.

Iwein occurrence in BMZ

LANGUAGE

Middle High German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

haʒʒe, swv.; Iwein 270

FACSIMILE

Not linked

BMZ reports the located literary occurrence. No edition or manuscript object was directly inspected, and the short clause supports a disliked object without defining the whole verb.

Strong-aversion construction

LANGUAGE

German

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Meaning 2, examples

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Duden supplies a current example with a clausal object. It was not directly inspected in an underlying speech or print event and does not assign identical intensity to every use.

Páls saga postula

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP c265665; Páll¹ 21617

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns the token to sense one, persecute, and aligns it with Latin quem tu persequeris in Acts 9:5. The exact manuscript leaf behind the edited page was not directly inspected.

Ragnars saga loðbrókar

LANGUAGE

Old Norse

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

ONP c818600; Ragn 13612

FACSIMILE

Not linked

ONP assigns the clause to despise, reject, or cast aside. It is distinct from the disputed poetic gold-spending formula and the underlying manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Register to Jus Municipale Frisonum

LANGUAGE

Old Frisian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

J-RgJ, indexed sequence 100-105

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The corpus supplies the surface hatijen and lemmatizes it under hatia in a prohibition involving harm and hindrance on the army road. The manuscript pixels and a full diplomatic edition were not directly inspected.

Book of Rudolf

LANGUAGE

Old Frisian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

J-Rud, indexed hit for hatia

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The corpus supplies the surface hatie in a ban concerning the army road through the land or toward a toll market or religious house. Text and manuscript dates are kept separate, and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Jurisprudentia Frisica

LANGUAGE

Old Frisian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ro-JF, line group 15, first hatia result

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The corpus lemmatizes hata under hatia in a passage about writing that goes against or harms a man. Because no full translation or manuscript image was inspected, the contextual gloss remains probable.

Jurisprudentia Frisica

LANGUAGE

Old Frisian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ro-JF, second hatia result

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The corpus lemmatizes hata under hatia in a family-law passage. The exact syntax and sense were not promoted beyond a probable harm or adversity context because no full translation or manuscript image was inspected.

Jurisprudentia Frisica

LANGUAGE

Old Frisian

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ro-JF, line group 5, third hatia result

FACSIMILE

Not linked

The corpus supplies hatien in a theological statement that God especially hates the perjurer, lying tongue, and false witnesses. The transcription is source-reported and the manuscript object was not directly inspected.

Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Ephesians 2:3

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ephesians 2:3 [A], barna hatize

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila reports the token as unambiguous but not directly verified in this review. The record preserves the A reading and does not promote the automated genitive-plural analysis over the historical-grammar treatment.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 2:3

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ephesians 2:3 [B], barna hatis

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Project Wulfila reports the token as morphosyntactically ambiguous and not directly verified here. Historical grammars treat it as a genitive problem; the record does not relabel the visible hatis as a nominative simply because the form is syncretic.

Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Ephesians 4:31

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ephesians 4:31 [A], alla baitrei jah hatis jah þwairhei

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token, not a directly inspected manuscript object. The adjacent Greek thumos and orgē make the exact lexical alignment uncertain.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 4:31

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ephesians 4:31 [B], alla baitrei jah hatis jah þwairhei

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token, not a directly inspected manuscript object. The duplicate verse witness is counted separately because Project Wulfila inventories A and B independently.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 5:6

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Ephesians 5:6 [B], qimiþ hatis gudis

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē in a divine-wrath clause. The underlying palimpsest was not directly inspected in this review.

Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Galatians 5:20

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Galatians 5:20 [A], aljan, hatiza, jiukos

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek plural thumoi. The context supports nominative plural, but the manuscript object was not directly inspected here.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Galatians 5:20

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Galatians 5:20 [B], aljan, hatiza, jiukos

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek plural thumoi. A and B are separate corpus witnesses, not two independent historical meanings.

Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Colossians 3:6

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 3:6 [A], qimiþ hatis gudis

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē in the wrath-of-God clause. The manuscript object was not directly inspected here.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Colossians 3:6

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 3:6 [B], qimiþ hatis gudis

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token aligned with Greek orgē. The duplicate A and B readings are retained as distinct witnesses.

Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Colossians 3:8

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 3:8 [A], hatis, þwairhein, unselein

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token in an anger-and-wrath list. The manuscript object was not directly inspected in this review.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Colossians 3:8

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

Colossians 3:8 [B], hatis, þwairhein, unselein

FACSIMILE

Not linked

Source-reported corpus token in an anger-and-wrath list. A and B remain separate evidence records.

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, 1 Thessalonians 2:16

LANGUAGE

Gothic

WITNESS TYPE

Source-reported corpus record

LOCATOR

1 Thessalonians 2:16 [B], hatis

FACSIMILE

Not linked