HOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.

The reviewed dictionaries print the Old and Middle High German noun as haʒ; this edge preserves two attested language periods without inventing a sound change between identical normalized forms.

DWB says hostile disposition is exclusively attested in Old High German, while Middle High German records also expose hostile action, anger enacted, and rivalry. That is a difference in the surviving record, not proof of one instantaneous innovation.

Early New High German hassen continues into New High German with the same normalized spelling while pronunciation, inflection, and usage are standardized over time.

The modern verb retains person-directed hatred and also supports a broad strong-aversion sense for things and actions; the edge does not assign one intensity to every historical token.

Middle High German haʒʒen continues into the hassen spelling of the Early New High German record as the historical sibilant notation and spelling conventions change.

The Middle High German record already includes ordinary hating and disliking; action-centered persecution contexts recede while hostile disposition becomes central.

The reviewed dictionaries connect Middle High German haʒʒen with Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn. The edge preserves the printed variants rather than inventing one normalized historical token.

DWB aligns Old High German forms with following or pursuing and describes the later feeling-centered sense as more muted; Middle High German evidence contains both hostile action and disposition.

Middle Dutch viant, viand, uiant, and vient continue into New Dutch vijand and vyand as initial consonant spelling, vowel representation, final d or t, and the full ending become standardized unevenly across the record.

The ordinary enemy or opponent remains central. Medieval Devil and monster branches become historical rather than the default modern Dutch sense, while figurative opponent uses expand.

Old Dutch fīunt and fīant continue into Middle Dutch viant, viand, uiant, and vient through West Germanic vowel, initial fricative, glide, inflectional, and spelling developments that the corpus preserves as variants rather than one universal intermediate.

Enemy or opponent continues. A Devil sense is securely widespread in Middle Dutch, while the earliest Old Dutch Devil reading remains textually disputed.

Old Swedish fiande and fiände continue through early-modern fiende, fiände, fyende, fynde, fiend, and related spellings before modern fiende becomes standard. The record displays changing vowel notation, glide representation, endings, and orthography rather than one universal intermediate spelling.

Enemy or opponent remains central. Older Devil usage becomes historical, while military collective and figurative nonhuman uses remain available in the modern noun.

The consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis receives the class-II weak-verb formation represented by the citation form hatizōn and the written second-person plural hatizoþ. The long ō is an editorial phonological representation, not a separate manuscript letter.

A noun for hatred, wrath, or anger supplies a verb whose one surviving context means be angry with or at someone. One token does not establish whether the verb ever carried the noun’s entire semantic range.

The normalized lemma fīunt selects the headword used by ONW from a historical aggregate also represented as fīant in EWN. The exact corpus inventory includes fiunt-, fiund-, uiand-, uiend-, and viann- surface forms; this edge is lemma and paradigm navigation, not one sound change between two written tokens.

The records remain inside the enemy or opponent noun, with one separately disputed Devil gloss. No surface variant is assigned every sense.

The normalized lemma hatōn abstracts over written infinitive hatan in Munich manuscript M and haton in manuscript C. The macron and final-vowel normalization are editorial analyses; this edge does not claim that one token changed directly into the other.

No meaning change is assigned. Both infinitive readings belong to the same reviewed hate verb, while their object dates and manuscript identities remain separate.

Latin-script kêdos represents Greek κῆδος through a modern scholarly transliteration convention; no historical sound event or borrowing is claimed.

The complete Greek semantic range is unchanged because the Latin letters encode the same lexeme rather than a new sense.

Doric long ā corresponds to the η of the Ionic-Attic headword representation; LSJ prints the forms together rather than as separate lexemes.

Care, grief, mourning, and related senses remain within one lexical family across the dialectal spelling and vowel difference.

Middle English friend and related spellings continue into the modern standard while vowel quantity, vowel quality, and spelling conventions converge on /frɛnd/. No one spelling date is treated as a single sound-change event.

The companion, ally, supporter, relation, and address senses continue; later specialized uses, including a social-network contact, expand the noun without replacing its historical range.

OED describes late Old English incipient monophthongization of ēo and Middle English coexistence of long close ē, short ĕ, and short ĭ. MED directly derives frẹ̄nd and its variants from Old English frēond and its inflected forms.

The inherited friend, ally, and relation noun remains lexically stable enough to recognize while its contextual and address uses diversify.

Middle High German initial v in the written tradition gives way to modern F; the historical vowel and glide develop into the modern /ɔʏ̯/ diphthong, while final obstruent devoicing yields /t/ in the citation form. Capitalization standardizes with the German noun.

Friend, relative, lover, ally, and supporter senses continue with different weights; the modern lexical category is not reduced to an active participle.

Old High German friunt continues as Middle High German vriunt with High German orthographic and phonological development; historical f and v spellings do not mark a new lexical root.

The inherited friend and relation noun expands across neighbor, lover, trusted companion, and social ally uses.

Middle Dutch vrient and its reduced variants continue into modern vriend. The current spelling retains ie while standard pronunciation is one syllable /vrint/; WNT discusses vrind as reduction and vriend as potentially etymologizing spelling.

The ordinary friend sense continues while historical relation, lover, ally, patron, mediator, and supporter uses remain separately documented.

Old Dutch friunt continues into Middle Dutch vrient and variants vreent, vrint, and vrunt through West Germanic and Dutch sound and spelling development.

The inherited friend or favored-person noun persists while recorded ally, relation, lover, and address uses diversify.