*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 0003attestedOld English

lufu

love, affection, friendliness

DATE
before 725–c. 1150
SENSE
default
FAMILY
Indo-European / West Germanic
CANONICAL KEY
node:3:lufu:attested
01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERinheritanceprobable
Proto-West Germanic · c. 200 BCE–600 CE

*lubu

love

SOUND
West Germanic medial /b/ developed a fricative realization represented by Old English ⟨f⟩.
MEANING
The affective core remained stable.
SCHOLAR
Kroonen · comparative Germanic evidence
CONFIDENCE
probable — Exact intermediate phonetic detail depends on reconstruction.
Bosworth–Toller: lufusupportslufu

Attested Old English form.

ORIGINAL ↗
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-GermanicsupportsGermanic love family

Comparative reconstruction.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 3 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

1
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Middle English · c. 1150–1500

love / luve

love, affection, beloved person

SOUND
Final unstressed -u was lost; Old English intervocalic ⟨f⟩ had a voiced realization [v].
MEANING
Religious, familial, erotic, and social senses continued.
SCHOLAR
Middle English Dictionary editors
CONFIDENCE
established
Middle English Dictionary: love n.supportslove n.

Middle English forms and senses.

ORIGINAL ↗
Bosworth–Toller: lufusupportslufu

Old English parent form.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 2 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

2

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
2
REVIEWED EDGES
2
DEEPEST PATH
2
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
1
love2 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

1
SOURCE-REPORTEDlexical corpus recordestablished

Old English lexical record

The date and form are source-reported. No manuscript or inscription facsimile has been directly inspected for this record.

love dossier · recorded as lufu
WITNESS RECORD ↗Bosworth–Toller: lufu ↗
05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

1
03lovelufu · established