HOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.

The attested Greek adjective is analyzed through an earlier *setu-mo- formation; initial *s is lost in the proposed path.

Truth, actuality, and proper order form the reconstructed semantic field.

The Latin shining family has been compared with a reconstructed *kand- root.

Shining and glowing remain the proposed semantic core.

Greek λέγω is traditionally derived from PIE *leǵ-; some scholarship argues that an initial *s should be reconstructed.

The daughter evidence spans collecting and speaking, but the exact semantic path remains reconstructed.

Latin lēx has traditionally been connected with the gather / collect family; published work argues for a root with initial *s.

A collection or selection of rules is a proposed semantic bridge, not an uncontested fact.

Calculus has traditionally been treated as an irregular diminutive of calx, but the phonology and meanings are problematic and a shared non-Indo-European source with a Greek stone-word has been proposed.

A small stone or pebble may connect to lime or limestone; the route is unsettled.

The shape *ghos-ti- has been analyzed as a derivative of hypothetical *ǵhes-; the exact ablaut and suffixal analysis remain proposed.

A take-or-give-in-exchange base could underlie the reciprocal duties attached to the outsider or guest.

Latin scīre has been compared with an Indo-European cutting/separating base; the exact formation and even the semantic bridge remain disputed.

A proposed development moves from cutting or separating to distinguishing and then knowing.

Old Persian xšāyaθiyā is analyzed through xšāy- “rule, have power, possess” and compared with dialectal Indo-European *tkeH-.

Rule or possession supplies the base for a sovereign title.

Encyclopaedia Iranica groups Old French eschés with descendants of Arabic al-šaṭranj; the exact phonological mediation conflicts with the reviewed šāh account.

The traveling name of the game supplies a competing source for the French game name.

The Old Persian verbal base xšāy- is alternatively derived from reconstructed *h₃ekʷ- rather than *tkeH-.

A proposed “catch sight of, envisage” base develops toward power or rule.

Kallio compares Proto-Finnic *sakna with Palaeo-Germanic *stagh-ná- as an ancient borrowing adapted to Finnic phonotactics.

A Germanic pile or stack term is proposed to have named a stone-pile stove, then the sauna containing it.

The isiXhosa form entered English with its spelling substantially preserved; the exact immediate donor cannot be isolated from the reviewed source.

The humanity and goodness field becomes an English ethical and philosophical term.

English boomerang is compared with Dharug bumarin, with substantial early spelling variation in colonial records.

An Aboriginal Australian name for a missile or club became the international English object name and later a recoil metaphor.

English boomerang is compared with the recorded Turuwal or Dharawal form bou-mar-ang; early colonial spellings vary substantially.

An Aboriginal Australian returning-club name is proposed as the source of the English object word.

Louisiana French bayouque is compared with reconstructed early Choctaw *bayok.

A local watercourse label is proposed to have entered colonial Louisiana French.

One analysis derives American Spanish poncho from Mapuche forms such as pontho / ponchu / pontro; competing scholarship argues that the Indigenous forms may instead reflect Spanish.

A blanket or textile term and the sleeveless garment label are historically associated, but the direction of transfer is unresolved.

The Spanish-internal proposal compares garment poncho with a faded or discolored adjective in the pocho / poncho family; the exact formation and chronology remain debated.

A color or condition adjective is proposed to have become the name of a plain or faded garment.