*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 0759boundaryBeyond secure reconstruction

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.

DATE
before the reviewed *h₃reg̑- reconstruction
SENSE
royal deep boundary
FAMILY
unclassified
CANONICAL KEY
boundary:133:9

The king formation is not treated as a named prehistoric institution beyond the evidence.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

0
*
THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.

No reviewed parent edge extends beyond this canonical node.

02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

1
DESCENDANTknowledge boundaryboundary
Proto-Indo-European · oldest published Proto-Indo-European form · straight direct root

*h₃reg̑-

move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root reg-supportsreg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 754 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

58

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
54
REVIEWED EDGES
58
DEEPEST PATH
8
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
13
-rīx5 connected nodesdirect8 connected nodesrealm7 connected nodesregal8 connected nodesregular8 connected nodesregulate8 connected nodesrich8 connected nodesright7 connected nodesroyal8 connected nodesrule7 connected nodesrí5 connected nodesrājā6 connected nodesrēx6 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 034 EDGES
HISTORICAL STEP 049 EDGES
STEP 04inheritanceestablished
Proto-Indo-European*rēg-→Latin · Latin bound lexical stemrēg-king stem used outside the nominative singular
SOUND
Latin rēg- reflects the reconstructed Indo-European lengthened king grade *rēg-.
MEANING
The ruler or king formation remains the lexical center while the attested Latin stem is separated from its reconstructed comparative parent.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Norvin W. Richards2 CITATIONSEDGE 1040 ↗
Indo-European Root reg- · reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- and Latin rēx ↗Lecture 23: Historical Linguistics — Latin rēx, rēgis, and sound change · Lecture slides 74–78 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 0512 EDGES
STEP 05inheritanceestablished
Proto-Celtic*rīx-s→Old Irish · Old Irish, 8th–10th centuriesríking; chief or foremost person
SOUND
Proto-Celtic nominative *rīx-s develops to Old Irish rí, while genitive ríg preserves the stem consonant.
MEANING
The king title remains a king noun through the Celtic sound changes.
Anders Richardt Jørgensen · Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel2 CITATIONSEDGE 790 ↗
Old Irish Online: Introduction · Introduction, Old Irish between Heritage and Innovation, example 1a ↗Celtic, chapter 9 of The Indo-European Language Family · Celtic chapter, p. 138: OIr. rí and ríg from PCelt. *rīx-s and *rīg-os ↗
STEP 05inheritanceestablished
Proto-Indo-European*rēg-en-→Sanskrit · Vedic and Classical Sanskritrājan-king, sovereign, prince, chief
SOUND
Sanskrit rājan- reflects the reconstructed suffixed king formation *rēg-en-.
MEANING
King, ruler, sovereign, and chief preserve the ruler field.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 796 ↗
Indo-European Root reg- · reg-, suffixed *rēg-en- to Sanskrit rājā and rājan- ↗Sanskrit as an Indo-European Language · Selective etymological dictionary, p. 373: rājan from IE *reǵ ↗
STEP 05inheritanceestablished
Proto-Celtic*rīx-s→Gaulish · first-century BCE onomastic hosts-rīxking or prince as the second member of compound personal names
SOUND
The attested Gaulish spelling -rix represents /-rīxs/ and aligns with reconstructed Proto-Celtic *rīx-s; the written host names do not preserve a macron.
MEANING
The inherited king noun functions as a compound-name member; its precise contribution can range beyond one mechanically compositional gloss.
Anders Richardt Jørgensen · Tristano Bolelli · Enrico Campanile3 CITATIONSEDGE 1033 ↗
Celtic, chapter 9 of The Indo-European Language Family · Celtic chapter, p. 138: Gaulish onomastic -rix /-rīxs/ in Dumnorix and Vercingetorix ↗Sur la préhistoire des noms gaulois en -rīx · p. 123: second member -rīx “roi, prince” in two-member Gaulish personal names ↗De Bello Gallico — Latin edition in the Scaife Viewer · De Bello Gallico 1.18 and 7.4 ↗
STEP 05inflectionestablished
Latinrēg-→Latin · Latin antiquityrēgisof a king; genitive singular of rēx
SOUND
Removing the genitive singular ending -is from rēgis exposes the bound stem rēg-.
MEANING
The stem retains the king meaning across the inflectional paradigm.
Norvin W. Richards · Charlton T. Lewis · Charles Short2 CITATIONSEDGE 1039 ↗
rēx — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary · Headword rēx, rēgis, masculine ↗Lecture 23: Historical Linguistics — Latin rēx, rēgis, and sound change · Lecture slides 75–77; transcript, p. 16 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 0614 EDGES
STEP 06borrowingestablished
Proto-Germanic*rīkja-→Old French · Old Frenchricherich, wealthy
SOUND
Old French riche continues a Germanic *rīkja- family form through historical borrowing.
MEANING
Powerful and wealthy remain linked across the Germanic-to-Romance route.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 781 ↗
Rich — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Old French of Germanic origin ↗Indo-European Root reg- · reg-, Germanic *rīkja- to Old French riche ↗
STEP 06inflectionestablished
Sanskritrājan-→Sanskrit · Vedic and Classical Sanskritrājāking, sovereign, prince, chief
SOUND
Sanskrit rājā is the nominative singular of the consonant stem rājan-.
MEANING
The inflected form and lexical stem both mean king rather than separate lexical ancestors.
Monier Monier-Williams · Harald Wiese2 CITATIONSEDGE 795 ↗
Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: rājan and rāja · Entries rāja and rājan ↗Sanskrit as an Indo-European Language · Selective etymological dictionary, p. 373: rājan m., king ↗
STEP 06parallel borrowingestablished
Latindīrēctus→Present-Day English · 14th century–todaydirectguide, aim, command, straight, immediate
SOUND
The English adjective direct is reported from Latin dīrēctus without requiring the Anglo-French verb stage.
MEANING
Straight, undeviating, and immediate adjective senses enter beside the verbal guidance route.
Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 801 ↗
Direct — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology, adjective: Middle English from Latin directus ↗
STEP 06inflectionestablished
Latinrēgis→Latin · Latinrēxking
SOUND
Nominative rēx and genitive rēgis belong to one paradigm: stem-final g before nominative -s devoices to k, and Latin writes the resulting /ks/ cluster as x; intervocalic g remains visible in rēgis.
MEANING
Both forms mean king in different grammatical cases; no semantic ancestry runs from one case form to the other.
Norvin W. Richards · Charlton T. Lewis · Charles Short2 CITATIONSEDGE 1038 ↗
rēx — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary · Headword rēx, rēgis, masculine ↗Lecture 23: Historical Linguistics — Latin rēx, rēgis, and sound change · Lecture slides 74–78; transcript, pp. 15–16 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 0711 EDGES
STEP 07continuationestablished
Middle Englishright→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todayrightcorrect, just, proper, straight, or right-side
SOUND
Modern right continues Middle English right through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING
Justice, correctness, suitability, straightness, and direction remain part of a polysemous word.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 717 ↗
Right — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Right — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 07continuationestablished
Middle Englishreule→Present-Day English · 13th century–todayruleguide, standard, authority, or measuring straightedge
SOUND
Modern rule continues Middle English reule through English spelling and pronunciation history.
MEANING
A guide for action expands across standards, authority, procedures, and measurement.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 724 ↗
Rule — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Rule — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 07borrowingprobable
Old Frenchregal→Middle English · Middle Englishregalroyal, kingly
SOUND
Middle English regal was borrowed through Old French, with direct Latin or Anglo-French transmission also reported.
MEANING
The monarch adjective enters English while the exact medieval channel remains plural in the authorities.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 756 ↗
Regal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English from Anglo-French or Latin ↗Regal — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Middle English from Old French ↗
STEP 07continuationestablished
Middle Englishrealme→Present-Day English · 13th century–todayrealmkingdom, domain, or sphere
SOUND
Modern realm continues Middle English realme through spelling reduction.
MEANING
Kingdom broadens to any domain or sphere.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 763 ↗
Realm — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Realm — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 07inheritanceestablished
Old Englishrīce→Middle English · Middle Englishrichewealthy, powerful, rich
SOUND
Middle English riche continues Old English rīce while also receiving French-family influence represented separately.
MEANING
Strong and powerful develop toward wealthy and abundant.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 771 ↗
Rich — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English riche from Old English rice ↗Rich — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Middle English from Old French and Old English rice ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 086 EDGES
STEP 08continuationestablished
Middle Englishreguler→Present-Day English · 14th century–todayregularconforming to rule, pattern, order, or interval
SOUND
Modern regular continues Middle English reguler through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING
Living by a rule expands to orderly, patterned, recurring, standard, and normal.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 731 ↗
Regular — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Regular — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 08continuationestablished
Middle Englishroial→Present-Day English · 14th century–todayroyalof a monarch, crown, or kingdom
SOUND
Modern royal continues Middle English roial through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING
Of a monarch or crown expands to magnificent and superior.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 747 ↗
Royal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Royal — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 08continuationestablished
Middle Englishregal→Present-Day English · 15th century–todayregalof, relating to, or suitable for a monarch
SOUND
Modern regal continues the Middle English adjective.
MEANING
Royal or kingly expands to magnificent or splendid.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 755 ↗
Regal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Regal — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 08continuationestablished
Middle Englishriche→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todayrichwealthy, abundant, valuable, or intense
SOUND
Modern rich continues Middle English riche through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING
Power and wealth broaden across abundance, value, color, flavor, and intensity.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 770 ↗
Rich — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Rich — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗
STEP 08continuationestablished
Middle Englishdirecten→Present-Day English · 14th century–todaydirectguide, aim, command, straight, immediate
SOUND
Modern direct continues Middle English directen with loss of the infinitive ending and stabilized modern spelling.
MEANING
Guiding, aiming, ordering, straightness, and immediacy expand across verb, adjective, and adverb functions.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 782 ↗
Direct — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Direct — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword definitions and etymology ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

1
09royalUNKNOWN · established