NODE / 0757 attested Latin
rēx TRANSLITERATION rēx
king
DATE Latin
SENSE king noun
FAMILY Indo-European / Italic
CANONICAL KEY node:9:rex:attested:sense:king-noun Latin king noun in the lengthened-grade branch.
01 ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT 2 GO DEEPER inheritance established
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European lengthened grade · king lengthened grade *rēg- king or ruler formation
SOUND Latin rēx reflects reconstructed lengthened-grade *rēg-.
MEANING The lengthened grade supplies an Indo-European king formation.
CHRONOLOGY The parent is reconstructed; rēx is attested Latin.
SCHOLAR Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE established GO DEEPER inflection established
Latin · Latin antiquity · king genitive rēgis of a king; genitive singular of rēx
SOUND Nominative rēx and genitive rēgis belong to one paradigm: stem-final g before nominative -s devoices to k, and Latin writes the resulting /ks/ cluster as x; intervocalic g remains visible in rēgis.
MEANING Both forms mean king in different grammatical cases; no semantic ancestry runs from one case form to the other.
CHRONOLOGY Synchronic Latin morphology illuminated by historical sound change.
SCHOLAR Norvin W. Richards · Charlton T. Lewis · Charles Short
CONFIDENCE established — The edge is a navigational paradigm relation, not a claim that genitive rēgis historically produced nominative rēx. 02 DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP 1 DESCENDANT derivation established
Latin · Latin · kingly adjective rēgālis kingly, royal
SOUND Latin rēgālis is formed from rēx, rēg-, king.
MEANING Kingly or royal is transparently derived from the king noun.
SCHOLAR Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE established 03 TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE 10 This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES 10
REVIEWED EDGES 10
DEEPEST PATH 4
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED 3 HISTORICAL STEP 01 1 EDGE
STEP 01 derivation established
SOUND Latin rēgālis is formed from rēx, rēg-, king.
MEANING Kingly or royal is transparently derived from the king noun. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 2 CITATIONS EDGE 750 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 02 3 EDGES
STEP 02 borrowing established
SOUND Anglo-French roial continues Latin rēgālis through Romance sound and spelling history.
MEANING The kingly adjective remains monarch-centered. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 1 CITATION EDGE 749 ↗ STEP 02 borrowing established
SOUND Old French regal continues Latin rēgālis.
MEANING The kingly adjective remains monarch-centered. American Heritage Dictionary Editors 1 CITATION EDGE 757 ↗ STEP 02 borrowing established
SOUND Old French reial continues Latin rēgālis through Romance sound and spelling history.
MEANING The kingly or royal adjective remains monarch-centered. American Heritage Dictionary Editors 1 CITATION EDGE 779 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 03 3 EDGES
STEP 03 borrowing established
SOUND Middle English roial was borrowed from Anglo-French roial or real.
MEANING The monarch adjective crosses into English. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 1 CITATION EDGE 748 ↗ STEP 03 borrowing probable
SOUND Middle English regal was borrowed through Old French, with direct Latin or Anglo-French transmission also reported.
MEANING The monarch adjective enters English while the exact medieval channel remains plural in the authorities. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 2 CITATIONS EDGE 756 ↗ STEP 03 analogical influence established
SOUND Middle English realme was reshaped under the influence of Old French reial, royal.
MEANING The kingdom noun becomes more visibly associated with the royal adjective without descending from it. American Heritage Dictionary Editors 1 CITATION EDGE 778 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 04 3 EDGES
STEP 04 continuation established
SOUND Modern royal continues Middle English roial through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING Of a monarch or crown expands to magnificent and superior. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 2 CITATIONS EDGE 747 ↗ STEP 04 continuation established
SOUND Modern regal continues the Middle English adjective.
MEANING Royal or kingly expands to magnificent or splendid. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 2 CITATIONS EDGE 755 ↗ STEP 04 continuation established
SOUND Modern realm continues Middle English realme through spelling reduction.
MEANING Kingdom broadens to any domain or sphere. Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors 2 CITATIONS EDGE 763 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04 RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE 2 SOURCE-REPORTED lexical corpus record established
first-century BCE poem, inspected through an 1881 digital edition rēx in Vergil’s Aeneid Rex erat Aeneas nobis
rēx dossier · recorded as rēx SOURCE-REPORTED lexical corpus record established
nineteenth-century historical lexicon record of ancient Latin usage Lewis and Short lexical record for rēx rēx, rēgis
rēx dossier · recorded as rēx 05 EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE 3