NODE / 0734reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*h₃reg-
TRANSLITERATION *h₃reg-
move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European centum form
- SENSE
- straight direct centum root
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:h3reg:reconstructed:sense:straight-direct-centum-root
Centum form published under the reg- root entry.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European suffixed formation · straight directed formation*reg-to-
directed straight; right
- SOUND
- Reconstructed *reg-to- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- The formation specializes the straight-and-direct root as a right or straight adjective.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Comparative morphology, not one dated coinage event.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European suffixed formation · straight rod formation*rēg-olā-
straight piece or rod formation
- SOUND
- Reconstructed *rēg-olā- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- The straight-piece formation specializes the straight-and-direct root.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Comparative morphology, not one dated coinage event.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European lengthened grade · king lengthened grade*rēg-
king or ruler formation
- SOUND
- Lengthened-grade *rēg- belongs under centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- The ruler or king formation specializes the straight, direct, lead, and rule family.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Comparative ablaut analysis, not one dated institutional event.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Latin · Latin · lead straight rule verbregere
lead straight, direct, rule
- SOUND
- Latin regere continues centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- Lead straight, direct, and rule preserve the reconstructed root field.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 52
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 56
- DEEPEST PATH
- 6
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 13
HISTORICAL STEP 014 EDGES
STEP 01derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Reconstructed *reg-to- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- The formation specializes the straight-and-direct root as a right or straight adjective.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 721 ↗ STEP 01derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Reconstructed *rēg-olā- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- The straight-piece formation specializes the straight-and-direct root.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 728 ↗ STEP 01derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Lengthened-grade *rēg- belongs under centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- The ruler or king formation specializes the straight, direct, lead, and rule family.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 752 ↗ STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Latin regere continues centum *h₃reg-.
- MEANING
- Lead straight, direct, and rule preserve the reconstructed root field.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 767 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 029 EDGES
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Germanic *rehtaz reflects reconstructed *reg-to- with the expected Germanic consonant history.
- MEANING
- A straight or directed formation supports correctness and rightness.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 720 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin rēgula continues reconstructed suffixed *rēg-olā-.
- MEANING
- A straight piece or rod develops both measuring and normative rule senses.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 727 ↗ STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Latin rēx reflects reconstructed lengthened-grade *rēg-.
- MEANING
- The lengthened grade supplies an Indo-European king formation.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 751 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin regimen is formed from regere, to lead straight, direct, or rule.
- MEANING
- Control and government are nominalized from directing or ruling.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 766 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Celtic *rīg-yo- belongs to lengthened-grade *rēg-.
- MEANING
- The Celtic kingly formation specializes the Indo-European ruler branch.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 774 ↗ STEP 02compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- Latin dīrigere contains regere beside the separately modeled dī-/dis- prefix.
- MEANING
- Setting apart or into line specializes leading straight, guiding, and directing.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 786 ↗ STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Proto-Celtic *rīx-s reflects the Indo-European lengthened king grade *rēg-.
- MEANING
- King remains the central meaning while Celtic raises inherited *ē to *ī and develops the final cluster.
STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Reconstructed *rēg-en- is an n-stem formation on lengthened-grade *rēg-.
- MEANING
- The suffix forms a king noun inside the ruler branch.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 797 ↗ STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Latin rēg- reflects the reconstructed Indo-European lengthened king grade *rēg-.
- MEANING
- The ruler or king formation remains the lexical center while the attested Latin stem is separated from its reconstructed comparative parent.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Norvin W. Richards2 CITATIONSEDGE 1040 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0312 EDGES
STEP 03inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Old English riht reflects Germanic *rehtaz through regular West Germanic history.
- MEANING
- The Germanic adjective retains right, just, correct, and straight senses.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 719 ↗ STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French reule continues Latin rēgula through Romance sound and spelling history.
- MEANING
- A straightedge or ruler also supplies an abstract guide or principle.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 726 ↗ STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Late Latin rēgulāris is an adjective formed from Latin rēgula.
- MEANING
- Of a bar or according to rule develops orderly and regular senses.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 734 ↗ STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Late Latin regulāre is formed from Latin rēgula.
- MEANING
- To regulate or direct means act according to a rule.
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin rēgālis is formed from rēx, rēg-, king.
- MEANING
- Kingly or royal is transparently derived from the king noun.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 750 ↗ STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French reiame continues Latin regimen through Romance transmission.
- MEANING
- Control or government becomes a governed territory or kingdom.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 765 ↗ STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Germanic *rīkja- was borrowed from Celtic *rīg-yo-.
- MEANING
- A kingly or powerful formation enters Germanic before the English and French branches.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 773 ↗ STEP 03inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- Latin dīrēctus is the past participle of dīrigere.
- MEANING
- What has been set straight becomes straight or directed.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 785 ↗ STEP 03inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Proto-Celtic nominative *rīx-s develops to Old Irish rí, while genitive ríg preserves the stem consonant.
- MEANING
- The king title remains a king noun through the Celtic sound changes.
Anders Richardt Jørgensen · Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel2 CITATIONSEDGE 790 ↗ STEP 03inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Sanskrit rājan- reflects the reconstructed suffixed king formation *rēg-en-.
- MEANING
- King, ruler, sovereign, and chief preserve the ruler field.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 796 ↗ STEP 03inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- The attested Gaulish spelling -rix represents /-rīxs/ and aligns with reconstructed Proto-Celtic *rīx-s; the written host names do not preserve a macron.
- MEANING
- The inherited king noun functions as a compound-name member; its precise contribution can range beyond one mechanically compositional gloss.
Anders Richardt Jørgensen · Tristano Bolelli · Enrico Campanile3 CITATIONSEDGE 1033 ↗ STEP 03inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- Removing the genitive singular ending -is from rēgis exposes the bound stem rēg-.
- MEANING
- The stem retains the king meaning across the inflectional paradigm.
Norvin W. Richards · Charlton T. Lewis · Charles Short2 CITATIONSEDGE 1039 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0414 EDGES
STEP 04inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English right continues Old English riht.
- MEANING
- The inherited field joins straight, correct, and just.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 718 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English reule was borrowed from Anglo-French reule.
- MEANING
- The guide or standard sense crosses into English.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 725 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French reguler continues Late Latin rēgulāris through Romance transmission.
- MEANING
- According to a rule remains the central inherited relation.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 733 ↗ STEP 04inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- Late Latin regulātus is the past participle of regulāre.
- MEANING
- The participle preserves the verb’s directing and regulating sense.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French roial continues Latin rēgālis through Romance sound and spelling history.
- MEANING
- The kingly adjective remains monarch-centered.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 749 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French regal continues Latin rēgālis.
- MEANING
- The kingly adjective remains monarch-centered.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 757 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English realme continues an altered Old French reiame form.
- MEANING
- Government or kingdom remains the central domain sense.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 764 ↗ STEP 04inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Old English rīce reflects Germanic *rīkja-.
- MEANING
- The powerful or kingly adjective supports later wealth senses.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 772 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French reial continues Latin rēgālis through Romance sound and spelling history.
- MEANING
- The kingly or royal adjective remains monarch-centered.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 779 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French riche continues a Germanic *rīkja- family form through historical borrowing.
- MEANING
- Powerful and wealthy remain linked across the Germanic-to-Romance route.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 781 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French directer continues Latin dīrēctus through Romance verbal formation.
- MEANING
- Straightened supplies directing and guiding senses.
STEP 04inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- Sanskrit rājā is the nominative singular of the consonant stem rājan-.
- MEANING
- The inflected form and lexical stem both mean king rather than separate lexical ancestors.
Monier Monier-Williams · Harald Wiese2 CITATIONSEDGE 795 ↗ STEP 04parallel borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- The English adjective direct is reported from Latin dīrēctus without requiring the Anglo-French verb stage.
- MEANING
- Straight, undeviating, and immediate adjective senses enter beside the verbal guidance route.
STEP 04inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- Nominative rēx and genitive rēgis belong to one paradigm: stem-final g before nominative -s devoices to k, and Latin writes the resulting /ks/ cluster as x; intervocalic g remains visible in rēgis.
- MEANING
- Both forms mean king in different grammatical cases; no semantic ancestry runs from one case form to the other.
Norvin W. Richards · Charlton T. Lewis · Charles Short2 CITATIONSEDGE 1038 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0511 EDGES
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern right continues Middle English right through English spelling and sound history.
- MEANING
- Justice, correctness, suitability, straightness, and direction remain part of a polysemous word.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 717 ↗ STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern rule continues Middle English reule through English spelling and pronunciation history.
- MEANING
- A guide for action expands across standards, authority, procedures, and measurement.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 724 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English reguler was borrowed through Anglo-French reguler.
- MEANING
- The rule-governed adjective crosses into English.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 732 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- The Middle English verb reflects Late Latin regulātus.
- MEANING
- A regulated or directed participle supplies the English verb formation.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English roial was borrowed from Anglo-French roial or real.
- MEANING
- The monarch adjective crosses into English.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 748 ↗ STEP 05borrowingprobable
- SOUND
- Middle English regal was borrowed through Old French, with direct Latin or Anglo-French transmission also reported.
- MEANING
- The monarch adjective enters English while the exact medieval channel remains plural in the authorities.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 756 ↗ STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern realm continues Middle English realme through spelling reduction.
- MEANING
- Kingdom broadens to any domain or sphere.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 763 ↗ STEP 05inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English riche continues Old English rīce while also receiving French-family influence represented separately.
- MEANING
- Strong and powerful develop toward wealthy and abundant.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 771 ↗ STEP 05analogical influenceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English realme was reshaped under the influence of Old French reial, royal.
- MEANING
- The kingdom noun becomes more visibly associated with the royal adjective without descending from it.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 778 ↗ STEP 05borrowing influenceestablished
- SOUND
- Old French riche reinforces Middle English riche alongside the inherited Old English branch.
- MEANING
- The French wealth adjective converges with English power-and-wealth material.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 780 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English directen was borrowed through Anglo-French directer in the verb route.
- MEANING
- To guide or point crosses into English.
HISTORICAL STEP 066 EDGES
STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern regular continues Middle English reguler through English spelling and sound history.
- MEANING
- Living by a rule expands to orderly, patterned, recurring, standard, and normal.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 731 ↗ STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern regulate continues the reported Middle English verb.
- MEANING
- Govern or direct according to rule expands to ordering, controlling, and technical adjustment.
STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern royal continues Middle English roial through English spelling and sound history.
- MEANING
- Of a monarch or crown expands to magnificent and superior.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 747 ↗ STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern regal continues the Middle English adjective.
- MEANING
- Royal or kingly expands to magnificent or splendid.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 755 ↗ STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern rich continues Middle English riche through English spelling and sound history.
- MEANING
- Power and wealth broaden across abundance, value, color, flavor, and intensity.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 770 ↗ STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern direct continues Middle English directen with loss of the infinitive ending and stabilized modern spelling.
- MEANING
- Guiding, aiming, ordering, straightness, and immediacy expand across verb, adjective, and adverb functions.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 782 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE