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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONS

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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.

WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT

Imported dictionary evidence

SOURCE-IMPORTED · UNREVIEWED

These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.

35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset

PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL

2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Code”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.

Open the permanent entry for code →

codeEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

Etymology tree Latin caudex Latin cōdex Old French codebor. Middle English code English code From Middle English code (“system of law”), from Old French code (“system of law”), from Latin cōdex, later form of caudex (“the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.”). Doublet of codex. Verb etymology 1, verb sense 7 is an ellipsis of code blue (“medical emergency”).

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗

codeEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗

INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY

More sources for this spelling

These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.

Chambers (1908)

1908

CodeEnglish · e-37683-5406
Code, kōd, n. a collection or digest of laws: a system of rules and regulations: a system of signs used in the army.—ns. Codificā′tion; Codi′fīer, Cod′ist, one who codifies.—v.t. Cod′ify, to put into the form of a code:
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Browse the independently attributed sources →

45REVIEWED RESULTS

3WORD DOSSIERS

0HISTORICAL NODES

12SOURCES

18CLAIMS

12WITNESSES

MODERN ENTRY POINTS

WORD DOSSIERS

Gothic masculine nd-stem common noundossier summary

fijands

A Gothic masculine nd-stem noun conventionally glossed enemy. Project Wulfila currently exposes 26 candidates: three verified noun assignments, two further noun-only assignments, and 21 surface forms also listed under the living verb fijan. Ayora Estevan explains the collision diachronically: Proto-Germanic had already lexicalized the present-participial *fi(j)and- as enemy, while Gothic retained productive one-who-hates participles beside the noun. The five noun-only candidates use fiand, fijands, fijande, and fijandis; all five were inspected in Codex Argenteus facsimiles.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗

nouncontrarian claim

host

A person who receives guests, borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin hospes, a word that could name either side of a reciprocal hospitality relationship.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗

adjective and verbcontrarian claim

humble

Modest, low in rank, or made low; borrowed through French from Latin humilis, an earth-and-ground formation.

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ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

No reviewed record in this collection contains “code.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.

WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED

CLAIMS & DISPUTES

SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12

openboundaryposition text

Is *lˤra the final word on the ancestry of tea?

It is the final reviewed reconstruction in this dossier, not a declaration that no deeper hypothesis exists. No unique deeper form is promoted until a competing analysis is encoded with direct evidence.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗chai DOSSIER ↗

openestablishedposition text

Is John 7:23 the first Gothic use of the verb?

Not established. The translation belongs to a fourth-century tradition, the surviving codex is early sixth century, and no complete lost-text or spoken-language archive exists.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatizōn DOSSIER ↗

openproposedposition text

Did hettan mean hate, pursue, attack, or persecute?

No single gloss exhausts the record. Orel glosses Old English hettan “hate” but Middle High German hetzen “pursue”; the attested enemy forms encode an antagonist, and Liberman argues for pursuit or persecution as an older concrete history.

3 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hettan DOSSIER ↗

openprobableposition text

Did Urdu receive cāy directly from Chinese or through Persian?

Rekhta labels the current Urdu headword Persian in origin, while the wider references establish only the Chinese-derived overland family. Persian is therefore probable as the immediate source, not promoted as a uniquely dated event.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗چائے DOSSIER ↗

openspeculativeposition text

Did Lydian contact cause the loss of initial aspiration?

Gális presents Lydian contact only as a theoretical possibility, not an established cause of Greek psilosis.

1 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗ἐτεός DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Is emoji formed from emotion plus icon?

No. Unicode and Merriam-Webster identify Japanese 絵 e “picture” plus 文字 moji “written character.” Emotion plus icon is the distinct English formation emoticon.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗emoji DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Did fijan denote only an inward feeling?

No. Ayora Estevan analyzes it as an experience verb whose Experiencer takes a Stimulus as accusative object. Surviving objects include people, one’s soul, one’s flesh, evils, and what one does, so the grammar encodes a relation toward an object rather than a free-floating feeling alone.

3 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗fijan DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does the Codex Argenteus route map the spread of fijan?

No. Werden, Prague, Stockholm, Holland, and Uppsala trace custody of four inspected evidence objects long after Gothic ceased to be a living vernacular in those places.

5 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗fijan DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does the Codex Argenteus route map the geographic spread of fijands?

No. Werden, Prague, Stockholm, Holland, and Uppsala trace custody of evidence objects long after Gothic ceased to be a living vernacular in those places.

5 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗fijands DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Were any underlying manuscript objects directly inspected for this dossier?

No. This review inspected the ONW article and its expanded source-reported records, not the Wachtendonck Psalms copies, Leiden Willeram codex, Groningen gloss object, or rhymed-text witnesses.

1 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗fīunt DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does the Codex Argenteus route map the spread of hatan?

No. It maps custody of the two directly inspected evidence objects. The codex traveled through Werden, Prague, Stockholm, Holland, and Uppsala long after Gothic ceased to be a living vernacular in those places.

3 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatan DOSSIER ↗

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does the Codex Argenteus custody route map the spread of hatis?

No. It maps the custody of the directly inspected evidence object. The manuscript traveled through Werden, Prague, Stockholm, Holland, and Uppsala long after Gothic ceased to be a living vernacular in those places; the other hatis tokens survive in separate witnesses.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatis DOSSIER ↗

CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6

RANK 6GRADE Aranked reveal

Evidence became a thread you could follow.

Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗clue DOSSIER ↗

RANK 29GRADE Aranked reveal

One Gothic hate verb survives once—in a command to do good to those who hate you.

Project Wulfila’s only verified hatjan token is hatjandam in Matthew 5:44, directly visible on Codex Argenteus folio 3v. A parallel “love your enemies” command in Luke 6:27 instead uses hatandans from class-III hatan. The translation gloss “hate” therefore hides a genuine grammatical and historical dispute.

7 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatjan DOSSIER ↗

RANK 30GRADE Aranked reveal

Gothic hatis—the noun related to English hate—survives chiefly as wrath, including the wrath to come and the wrath of God.

Project Wulfila reports fifteen tokens in hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Fourteen are biblical; Streitberg maps the family chiefly to Greek orgē, gives Galatians 5:20 thumos, and flags Ephesians 4:31 because both stand together. Codex Argenteus folio 129r directly preserves hatiza in “the wrath to come.” Even the paradigm resists simplification: synchronic neuter a-stem, historically an i-stem remodeled into it.

7 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatis DOSSIER ↗

RANK 31GRADE Aranked reveal

Gothic’s two hate verbs trade places across two passages.

The complete surviving hatan corpus contains only hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. In Luke 1, fijandam supplies enemies while hatandane supplies those hating; in Luke 6, hatandans supplies enemies while fijandam supplies those hating. Both Codex Argenteus pages are directly inspected. The lexical swap—and the class-III versus class-I dispute—cannot be represented by one timeless translation arrow.

7 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatan DOSSIER ↗

RANK 45GRADE Aranked reveal

One Gothic anger verb survives in one question—and not in its dictionary form.

Project Wulfila’s complete current inventory contains one hatizōn token: hatizoþ in John 7:23, “are you angry at me?” Codex Argenteus folio 94v directly preserves the inflection. The manuscript never writes the normalized infinitive or its editorial macron. Grammar then reveals another layer: hatizōn is a class-II verb built from the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath.” One English gloss therefore hides a noun-to-verb formation, one surviving grammatical person, and a sharp boundary between pixels and reconstruction.

6 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hatizōn DOSSIER ↗

RANK 65GRADE Acontrarian claim

A borrowed word can encode a category that English flattens.

Navajo hooghan means home or house within Diné life; English hogan should not be generalized into a label for any Indigenous dwelling.

2 CITATIONS / AUDIT ↗hogan DOSSIER ↗

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