NODE / 0713boundaryBeyond secure reconstruction

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

DATE: before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction
SENSE: betroth deep boundary
FAMILY: unclassified
CANONICAL KEY: boundary:126:8

The be- component reaches a separate boundary.

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.

No reviewed parent edge extends beyond this canonical node.

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

DESCENDANTknowledge boundaryboundary

Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European horizon · firm solid wood root

*deru-

be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree

SOUND: No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING: The lexical trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR: SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE: boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word; the prefix branch ends separately.

Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed lexical horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 700 ↗

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES: 27
REVIEWED EDGES: 27
DEEPEST PATH: 7
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED: 7

betroth7 connected nodes tree6 connected nodes troth6 connected nodes truce7 connected nodes true5 connected nodes trust6 connected nodes truth6 connected nodes

HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE

STEP 01knowledge boundaryboundary

Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN→Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European horizon*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree

SOUND: No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING: The lexical trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.

SET-U editorial boundary1 CITATIONEDGE 700 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru- entry endpoint ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 022 EDGES

STEP 02inheritanceestablished

Proto-Indo-European*deru-→Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon*treuwazfirm, faithful, trustworthy

SOUND: Germanic *treuwaz reflects the variant *dreu- grade of reconstructed *deru-.
MEANING: Firm and steadfast motivate the faithful and trustworthy field without erasing later meanings.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 674 ↗

True — American Heritage Dictionary · Word History: true and tree joined at the root ↗Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, variant dreu-, Germanic *treuwaz section ↗

STEP 02derivationestablished

Proto-Indo-European*deru-→Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European suffixed variant*drew-o-firm or steadfast formation; wood or pledge branch

SOUND: Reconstructed *drew-o- is a suffixed formation under *deru-.
MEANING: Firmness supports both wood and pledge branches without making one descendant the parent of the other.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 706 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, suffixed form *drew-o- ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 035 EDGES

STEP 03inheritanceestablished

Proto-Germanic*treuwaz→Old English · Old Englishtrēowefaithful, firm, trustworthy

SOUND: Old English trēowe continues reconstructed Germanic *treuwaz.
MEANING: The Germanic firmness adjective develops the faithful and trustworthy field.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 673 ↗

True — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Old English trēowe from Germanic *treuwaz ↗

STEP 03derivationestablished

Proto-Germanic*treuwaz→Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon*treuwithōfaith, loyalty, truth

SOUND: Germanic *treuwithō is an abstract noun formation on *treuwaz.
MEANING: Being firm or faithful becomes the quality of faith, loyalty, or truth.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 679 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, *treuwithō under Germanic *treuwaz ↗

STEP 03derivationestablished

Proto-Germanic*treuwaz→Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon*traustamconfidence, firmness

SOUND: Germanic *traustam is an abstract noun formation related to *treuwaz.
MEANING: Firm or faithful becomes confidence, reliance, or firmness.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 685 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, *traustam under Germanic *treuwaz ↗

STEP 03inheritanceestablished

Proto-Indo-European*drew-o-→Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon*treuwōpledge, fidelity

SOUND: Germanic *treuwō continues the reconstructed suffixed formation *drew-o-.
MEANING: A firmness formation develops the pledge and fidelity noun.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 705 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, suffixed *drew-o- to Germanic *treuwō ↗

STEP 03inheritanceestablished

Proto-Indo-European*drew-o-→Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon*trewamtree, wood

SOUND: Germanic *trewam continues the reconstructed suffixed formation *drew-o-.
MEANING: A firmness formation develops the wood and tree noun.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 711 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, suffixed *drew-o- to Germanic *trewam ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 045 EDGES

STEP 04continuationestablished

Old Englishtrēowe→Middle English · Middle Englishtrewefaithful, steadfast, true

SOUND: Middle English trewe continues Old English trēowe.
MEANING: Faithful, steadfast, and trustworthy remain central.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 672 ↗

True — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English trewe from Old English trēowe ↗

STEP 04inheritanceestablished

Proto-Germanic*treuwithō→Old English · Old Englishtrēowþfaith, loyalty, fidelity, truth

SOUND: Old English trēowþ continues reconstructed Germanic *treuwithō through inherited West Germanic development.
MEANING: The abstract noun denotes faith, loyalty, and truth.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 678 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, Germanic abstract *treuwithō to Old English trēowth ↗

STEP 04inheritanceestablished

Proto-Germanic*traustam→Old Norse · Old Norsetraustconfidence, firmness

SOUND: Old Norse traust continues reconstructed Germanic *traustam.
MEANING: Confidence and firmness remain the core semantic field.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 684 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, Germanic *traustam and Old Norse traust ↗

STEP 04inheritanceestablished

Proto-Germanic*treuwō→Old English · Old Englishtrēowpledge, fidelity

SOUND: Old English trēow continues reconstructed Germanic *treuwō in the pledge branch.
MEANING: Pledge and fidelity remain the semantic center.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 704 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, Germanic *treuwō to Old English trēow, pledge ↗

STEP 04inheritanceestablished

Proto-Germanic*trewam→Old English · Old Englishtrēowtree, wood

SOUND: Old English trēow continues reconstructed Germanic *trewam in the tree branch.
MEANING: The inherited noun denotes tree or wood.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 710 ↗

Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, Germanic *trewam to Old English trēow, tree ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 056 EDGES

STEP 05continuationestablished

Middle Englishtrewe→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todaytruein accord with fact; faithful; accurate

SOUND: Modern true continues Middle English trewe through regular English spelling and pronunciation history.
MEANING: Faithful and steadfast remain live senses beside factual accuracy.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 671 ↗

True — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗True — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology and Word History ↗

STEP 05continuationestablished

Old Englishtrēowþ→Middle English · Middle Englishtrewtheloyalty, fidelity, truth

SOUND: Middle English trewthe continues Old English trēowþ.
MEANING: Loyalty, faith, and truth remain joined in the historical noun.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 677 ↗

Truth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English trewthe from Old English trēowth ↗

STEP 05borrowingprobable

Old Norsetraust→Middle English · Middle Englishtrusteconfidence, reliance

SOUND: Middle English truste is probably borrowed from Scandinavian, perhaps specifically Old Norse traust.
MEANING: Confidence and firmness enter the English trust noun.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 683 ↗

Trust — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: probably of Scandinavian origin; akin to Old Norse traust ↗Trust — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: perhaps from Old Norse traust ↗

STEP 05inheritanceestablished

Old Englishtrēowþ→Middle English · Middle Englishtrouthtruth, troth, pledged fidelity

SOUND: Middle English trouth continues Old English trēowþ.
MEANING: Truth, faith, and pledged fidelity remain joined before later lexical specialization.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 689 ↗

Troth — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Middle English trouth from Old English trēowth ↗Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary · trouth from Old English trēowth ↗

STEP 05inheritanceestablished

Old Englishtrēow→Middle English · Middle Englishtreweagreement, treaty, pledge

SOUND: Middle English trewe continues Old English trēow in the pledge and fidelity sense.
MEANING: A pledge or agreement continues the older fidelity noun.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 703 ↗

Truce — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: trewe from Old English trēow, fidelity ↗

STEP 05inheritanceestablished

Old Englishtrēow→Middle English · Middle Englishtreetree, wood

SOUND: Middle English tree continues Old English trēow in the wood and plant sense.
MEANING: Tree and wood remain the semantic center.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 709 ↗

Tree — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English from Old English trēow ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 066 EDGES

STEP 06continuationestablished

Middle Englishtrewthe→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todaytruthconformity to fact or reality; sincerity; fidelity

SOUND: Modern truth continues Middle English trewthe through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING: Fidelity and constancy coexist historically with sincerity and factual correspondence.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 676 ↗

Truth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History, definitions, and First Known Use ↗Truth — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

STEP 06continuationestablished

Middle Englishtruste→Present-Day English · 12th century–todaytrustassured reliance, confidence, care, or obligation

SOUND: Modern trust continues Middle English truste through regular English form history.
MEANING: Confidence and assured reliance remain central while legal and institutional senses develop alongside them.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 682 ↗

Trust — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Trust — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

STEP 06continuationestablished

Middle Englishtrouth→Present-Day English · 12th century–todaytrothpledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal

SOUND: Modern troth continues Middle English trouth with regular English spelling and sound development.
MEANING: Pledged fidelity narrows a historical noun that also covered truth and loyalty.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 688 ↗

Troth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Troth — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

STEP 06compound memberestablished

Middle Englishtrouth→Middle English · Middle Englishbitrouthenpromise or pledge in marriage

SOUND: Middle English bitrouthen contains trouth as its lexical member; bi- or be- follows a second canonical parent.
MEANING: A pledge of truth or troth specializes as a promise in marriage.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 695 ↗

Betroth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: be- plus trouthe, truth or troth ↗Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: bi- or be- plus trouth ↗

STEP 06inflectional reanalysisestablished

Middle Englishtrewe→Middle English · Middle Englishtrewesagreements, pledges

SOUND: Middle English plural trewes is formed on singular trewe and later supplies the English singular truce.
MEANING: Multiple agreements or pledges furnish the form reanalyzed for one suspension of hostilities.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 702 ↗

Truce — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English trewes, plural of trewe ↗

STEP 06continuationestablished

Middle Englishtree→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todaytreeperennial woody plant; branching structure

SOUND: Modern tree continues the Middle English plant noun through regular English spelling and sound history.
MEANING: The woody plant remains central while branching diagrams and structures develop as extensions.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 708 ↗

Tree — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Tree — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 072 EDGES

STEP 07continuationestablished

Middle Englishbitrouthen→Present-Day English · 14th century–todaybetrothpromise in marriage

SOUND: Modern betroth continues Middle English bitrouthen with regular English spelling and sound development.
MEANING: The marriage promise remains the specialized sense.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 694 ↗

Betroth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

STEP 07continuationestablished

Middle Englishtrewes→Present-Day English · 13th century–todaytrucetemporary suspension of hostilities by agreement

SOUND: Modern singular truce continues Middle English trewes after the inherited plural was reanalyzed as a singular form.
MEANING: Agreements or pledges specialize as a temporary suspension of hostilities.

Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 701 ↗

Truce — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗Truce — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

08betrothUNKNOWN · established