*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 0696reconstructedProto-Indo-European

*deru-

TRANSLITERATION *deru- / *dreu-

be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree

DATE
Proto-Indo-European horizon
SENSE
firm solid wood root
FAMILY
Indo-European
CANONICAL KEY
node:6:deru:reconstructed:sense:firm-solid-wood-root

The source also gives the variant shape dreu-; this node does not make either spelling attested.

*

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

7
*
THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.

No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 7 evidence paths stop at this boundary.

INSPECT 7 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIMS
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · true deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 675 ↗
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · truth deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 681 ↗
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · trust deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 687 ↗
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · troth deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 693 ↗
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · betroth deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The lexical trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word; the prefix branch ends separately.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed lexical horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 700 ↗
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · truce deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 707 ↗
GO DEEPERknowledge boundaryboundary
Beyond secure reconstruction · before the reviewed *deru- reconstruction · tree deep boundary

UNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR
SET-U editorial boundary
CONFIDENCE
boundary — The reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 713 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

2
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon · firm faithful adjective

*treuwaz

firm, faithful, trustworthy

SOUND
Germanic *treuwaz reflects the variant *dreu- grade of reconstructed *deru-.
MEANING
Firm and steadfast motivate the faithful and trustworthy field without erasing later meanings.
CHRONOLOGY
Comparative reconstruction; no single transmission event is claimed.
SCHOLAR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE
established
True — American Heritage DictionarycontextWord History: true and tree joined at the root

Explains the shared root without making tree an ancestor of true.

ORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu-, variant dreu-, Germanic *treuwaz section

Places the Germanic adjective under the firmness-and-wood root.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 674 ↗
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European suffixed variant · firmness suffixed formation

*drew-o-

firm or steadfast formation; wood or pledge branch

SOUND
Reconstructed *drew-o- is a suffixed formation under *deru-.
MEANING
Firmness supports both wood and pledge branches without making one descendant the parent of the other.
CHRONOLOGY
Comparative morphology; no single date or token is claimed.
SCHOLAR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE
established
Indo-European Root deru-supportsderu-, suffixed form *drew-o-

Analyzes the suffixed formation under the firmness-and-wood root.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 706 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

26

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
26
REVIEWED EDGES
26
DEEPEST PATH
6
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
7
betroth6 connected nodestree5 connected nodestroth5 connected nodestruce6 connected nodestrue4 connected nodestrust5 connected nodestruth5 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 012 EDGES
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
Proto-Indo-European*deru-→Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon*treuwazfirm, faithful, trustworthy
SOUND
Germanic *treuwaz reflects the variant *dreu- grade of reconstructed *deru-.
MEANING
Firm and steadfast motivate the faithful and trustworthy field without erasing later meanings.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 674 ↗
True — American Heritage Dictionary · Word History: true and tree joined at the root ↗Indo-European Root deru- · deru-, variant dreu-, Germanic *treuwaz section ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 025 EDGES
HISTORICAL STEP 035 EDGES
HISTORICAL STEP 046 EDGES
STEP 04continuationestablished
Middle Englishtrewe→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todaytruein accord with fact; faithful; accurate
SOUND
Modern true continues Middle English trewe through regular English spelling and pronunciation history.
MEANING
Faithful and steadfast remain live senses beside factual accuracy.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 671 ↗
True — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗True — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology and Word History ↗
STEP 04borrowingprobable
Old Norsetraust→Middle English · Middle Englishtrusteconfidence, reliance
SOUND
Middle English truste is probably borrowed from Scandinavian, perhaps specifically Old Norse traust.
MEANING
Confidence and firmness enter the English trust noun.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 683 ↗
Trust — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: probably of Scandinavian origin; akin to Old Norse traust ↗Trust — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: perhaps from Old Norse traust ↗
STEP 04inheritanceestablished
Old Englishtrēowþ→Middle English · Middle Englishtrouthtruth, troth, pledged fidelity
SOUND
Middle English trouth continues Old English trēowþ.
MEANING
Truth, faith, and pledged fidelity remain joined before later lexical specialization.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 689 ↗
Troth — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Middle English trouth from Old English trēowth ↗Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary · trouth from Old English trēowth ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 056 EDGES
STEP 05continuationestablished
Middle Englishtrewthe→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todaytruthconformity to fact or reality; sincerity; fidelity
SOUND
Modern truth continues Middle English trewthe through English spelling and sound history.
MEANING
Fidelity and constancy coexist historically with sincerity and factual correspondence.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 676 ↗
Truth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History, definitions, and First Known Use ↗Truth — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗
STEP 05continuationestablished
Middle Englishtruste→Present-Day English · 12th century–todaytrustassured reliance, confidence, care, or obligation
SOUND
Modern trust continues Middle English truste through regular English form history.
MEANING
Confidence and assured reliance remain central while legal and institutional senses develop alongside them.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 682 ↗
Trust — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Trust — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗
STEP 05continuationestablished
Middle Englishtrouth→Present-Day English · 12th century–todaytrothpledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal
SOUND
Modern troth continues Middle English trouth with regular English spelling and sound development.
MEANING
Pledged fidelity narrows a historical noun that also covered truth and loyalty.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 688 ↗
Troth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Troth — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗
STEP 05compound memberestablished
Middle Englishtrouth→Middle English · Middle Englishbitrouthenpromise or pledge in marriage
SOUND
Middle English bitrouthen contains trouth as its lexical member; bi- or be- follows a second canonical parent.
MEANING
A pledge of truth or troth specializes as a promise in marriage.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 695 ↗
Betroth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: be- plus trouthe, truth or troth ↗Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: bi- or be- plus trouth ↗
STEP 05inflectional reanalysisestablished
Middle Englishtrewe→Middle English · Middle Englishtrewesagreements, pledges
SOUND
Middle English plural trewes is formed on singular trewe and later supplies the English singular truce.
MEANING
Multiple agreements or pledges furnish the form reanalyzed for one suspension of hostilities.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 702 ↗
Truce — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English trewes, plural of trewe ↗
STEP 05continuationestablished
Middle Englishtree→Present-Day English · before 12th century–todaytreeperennial woody plant; branching structure
SOUND
Modern tree continues the Middle English plant noun through regular English spelling and sound history.
MEANING
The woody plant remains central while branching diagrams and structures develop as extensions.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 708 ↗
Tree — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Definitions, Word History, and First Known Use ↗Tree — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 062 EDGES
STEP 06continuationestablished
Middle Englishbitrouthen→Present-Day English · 14th century–todaybetrothpromise in marriage
SOUND
Modern betroth continues Middle English bitrouthen with regular English spelling and sound development.
MEANING
The marriage promise remains the specialized sense.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 694 ↗
Betroth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗
STEP 06continuationestablished
Middle Englishtrewes→Present-Day English · 13th century–todaytrucetemporary suspension of hostilities by agreement
SOUND
Modern singular truce continues Middle English trewes after the inherited plural was reanalyzed as a singular form.
MEANING
Agreements or pledges specialize as a temporary suspension of hostilities.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 701 ↗
Truce — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History and First Known Use ↗Truce — American Heritage Dictionary · Headword etymology ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

7
07betroth*deru- · established06tree*deru- · established06troth*deru- · established07truce*deru- · established05true*deru- · established06trust*deru- · established06truth*deru- · established