*SET-U

THE CHANGE ATLAS

WORD FAMILIES ↗

EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH

FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCE

HOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.

A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.

THE CHANGE CONTRACT

EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.

Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.

1025REVIEWED TRANSFORMATIONS

Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.

1025SOUND HISTORIES

No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.

1025SEMANTIC HISTORIES

No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.

1669CLAIM CITATIONS

515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.

280SCHOLAR LABELS

Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.

78RELATION TYPES

Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.

01

SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS

FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.

1025 MATCHING EDGES

The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.

02

ALL TRANSFORMATIONS

1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES

PAGE 28 / 43
EDGE313probable
inheritancePOLLEX editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

POLLEX compares Tongan tapu with Proto-Oceanic *tampu; intermediate Polynesian developments are not over-specified here.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The sacred, prohibited, and ritual-restriction field remains continuous across the comparison.

CHRONOLOGYReconstructed Oceanic prehistory to attested Tongan.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe modern form is attested while the Proto-Oceanic form is a comparative reconstruction.

EDGE316probable
proposed inheritanceJosé Andrés Alonso de la FuentePERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

The broad Inuit qayaq form is compared with Proto-Eskimo *qan-yaq; the notation is source-dependent and does not identify one modern donor variety.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The kayak or skin-boat referent remains central across the comparison.

CHRONOLOGYProto-Eskimo reconstruction precedes attested Inuit forms.

CONFIDENCE NOTEA specialist philological analysis supports a distinct Eskimo reconstruction, while the English dictionary supplies only the broad label Inuit.

EDGE327probable
proposed borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors · Hermann GundertPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Portuguese manga closely reflects Malayalam māṅṅa; the nasal and final vowel were accommodated in Portuguese spelling.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The mango-fruit referent remained stable.

CHRONOLOGYIndian Ocean contact before the English record; no invented transfer year.

CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster says “probably from Malayalam”; Gundert independently attests the Malayalam form.

EDGE332probable
proposed borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors · Canadian Language MuseumPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

English moose reflects a closely matching Eastern Algonquian animal name such as moos or mos.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The animal referent remained stable.

CHRONOLOGYEnglish record by 1603.

CONFIDENCE NOTEAlgonquian origin is secure, but the exact donor variety is not uniquely established in the reviewed evidence.

EDGE338probable
proposed derivationEmin Erdem ÖzbekPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

The noun yoğurt is analyzed in relation to the verbal base yogur- or modern yoğur-.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

A process word for kneading or working a mixture is proposed as the morphological base of the food noun.

CHRONOLOGYHistorical Turkic development before modern Turkish; no invented exact date.

CONFIDENCE NOTEÖzbek reviews historical forms and argues for the structural and semantic relation; the site preserves the proposal label.

EDGE370probable
inheritanceMerriam-Webster editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Latin candēre is derived from a zero-grade stative formation of reconstructed *(s)kend-.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Shining, gleaming, and whiteness retain the reconstructed brightness core.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe form is reconstructed and the graph also preserves an older proposed *kand- route.

EDGE380probable
borrowingMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

English intellect continues a medieval French or directly Latin learned form; this dossier displays the published Old French route.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Perception and understanding become the modern capacity for knowing and reasoning.

CHRONOLOGYThe English record begins in the 14th century.

CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster allows Middle French or direct Latin transmission; American Heritage specifies Old French intellecte.

EDGE412probable
prefixed derivationMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Latin cōnscīre combines assimilated com- with scīre; the prefix is analyzed as with/together or as intensive.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Knowing becomes mutual, shared, thorough, or self-aware knowledge, with moral guilt among its attested applications.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe sources do not assign one exclusive semantic value to com-.

EDGE420probable
derivationMerriam-Webster editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Merriam-Webster analyzes omnisciēns as a back-formation from Medieval Latin omniscientia.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The abstract state of all-knowledge supplies an adjective meaning all-knowing.

CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage instead presents Medieval Latin omnisciēns directly as omni- plus sciēns.

EDGE426probable
borrowing via competing routesAmerican Heritage · Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

English prescient is compatible with French transmission and direct learned borrowing from Latin; the displayed French form preserves the mediated route.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Foreknowledge remains central while ordinary usage often relaxes toward unusually accurate foresight.

CHRONOLOGYEtymonline dates English prescient to the 1620s.

CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage specifies French transmission; Merriam-Webster gives Latin; Etymonline gives French and direct Latin.

EDGE453probable
borrowingEtymonline · CNRTL editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

English legislation borrows French législation with learned English stress and pronunciation.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The making of laws and the resulting body of laws remain central while legislative-business senses develop.

CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports 1606; Etymonline gives the 1650s.

CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster reports an earlier English horizon than Etymonline; the borrowing itself is secure.

EDGE467probable
inheritanceAmerican Heritage · UT LRC · Cleasby–VigfussonPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Old Norse lag and lög reflect a reconstructed Germanic *lagam formation in the lay-family.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

A layer, laying, or ordered placement supplies the legal sense “what is laid down.”

CONFIDENCE NOTEReference traditions vary in notation and inflectional detail.

EDGE468probable
inheritanceAmerican Heritage · UT LRC · Etymonline editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Proto-Germanic *lagam reflects an o-grade formation in the PIE *legh- “lie, lay” family.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The concrete act of laying becomes an established order and law.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe broad comparative family is secure; exact intermediate morphology is reconstructed.

EDGE482probable
inheritanceEtymonline editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Latin movēre is assigned to the PIE movement root *meue- in the reviewed source.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Physical pushing and movement underlie the later agitation and feeling family.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe exact PIE notation follows the reviewed reference.

EDGE486probable
inheritanceEtymonline · UT LRC editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Old English sealt regularly continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *saltom.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The material salt sense remains stable across Germanic.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Proto-Germanic form is reconstructed, not attested.

EDGE487probable
inheritanceMallory & Adams · Etymonline · UT LRC editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Proto-Germanic *saltom belongs to the Indo-European salt family represented as *séh₂l- in the existing dossier and *sal- in other references.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The material salt meaning remains stable; no payment sense exists at the reconstructed stage.

CONFIDENCE NOTERoot notation differs across references without changing the comparative salt-family claim.

EDGE496probable
borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Middle English forms adapt Old French algorisme / augorisme with variable vowels, consonants, and endings.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The art of reckoning with Hindu-Arabic numerals remains central.

CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster also allows direct Medieval Latin transmission; the canonical graph preserves that already-cited parent as a parallel route.

EDGE497probable
borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline · MacTutor editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Old French algorisme / augorisme adapts Medieval Latin algorismus with Romance vowel and ending changes.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The learned arithmetic term enters vernacular calculation vocabulary.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe sources describe French and Latin stages without reducing every spelling to one transmission event.

EDGE512probable
inheritanceEtymonline · UT LRC editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Old English lecgan continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *lagojanan with West Germanic sound development.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

To cause something to lie yields the transitive verb to lay or set down.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Proto-Germanic form and exact phonological sequence are reconstructed.

EDGE513probable
inheritanceEtymonline · UT LRC editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Proto-Germanic *lagojanan is a causative formation in the PIE *legh- lie-and-lay family.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

A state of lying supplies a causative act of putting or setting down.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe comparative family is secure while the intermediate form is reconstructed.

EDGE516probable
inheritancePOLLEX editors · John C. MoorfieldPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Māori tapu preserves the t and vowels of the wider Oceanic comparison; intermediate subgroup stages are not invented.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Sacredness, prohibition, restriction, and being set apart remain central.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Māori word is attested; *tampu is a comparative reconstruction.

EDGE518probable
inheritanceRobert A. Blust · POLLEX editorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Hawaiian kapu reflects the characteristic Hawaiian development of earlier *t to k after the older k-space changed; the rest of the form remains visibly close.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

Sacred, prohibited, consecrated, and set-apart senses continue across the family.

CONFIDENCE NOTEPOLLEX supplies the lexical comparison; Blust documents the Hawaiian *t to k sound change and its historical complexity.

EDGE522probable
inheritanceJosé Andrés Alonso de la Fuente · OqaasileriffikPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Greenlandic qajaq continues the independently reconstructed Proto-Eskimo kayak formation; exact intermediate dialect stages are not over-specified.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The watercraft referent remains central.

CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Greenlandic form is attested and the Proto-Eskimo form reconstructed.

EDGE528probable
borrowingÖsten Dahl · Porto Editora EditorsPERMALINK #
WHAT CHANGED IN FORM

Portuguese chá adapts a Cantonese cha-type form with Portuguese spelling and /ʃ/ realization; Infopédia instead labels the source Mandarin.

WHAT CHANGED IN MEANING

The meaning remains tea, later extending regularly to the plant, leaves, infusion, and social uses.

CHRONOLOGYPortuguese contact through Macao in the sixteenth century.

CONFIDENCE NOTEWALS explicitly gives a Cantonese route through Macao, while Infopédia gives Mandarin. The graph follows the historically specific route and exposes the disagreement.

03

READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD

TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.

SOUND HISTORY

Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.

SEMANTIC HISTORY

Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.

EVIDENCE STATUS

Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.

AUDIT TRAIL

Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.