Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.
THE CHANGE ATLAS
WORD FAMILIES ↗EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH
FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCEHOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.
A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.
EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.
Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.
515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.
Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.
Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.
SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS
FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.
The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.
SEMANTIC HISTORY
1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES
POLLEX compares Tongan tapu with Proto-Oceanic *tampu; intermediate Polynesian developments are not over-specified here.
The sacred, prohibited, and ritual-restriction field remains continuous across the comparison.
CHRONOLOGYReconstructed Oceanic prehistory to attested Tongan.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe modern form is attested while the Proto-Oceanic form is a comparative reconstruction.
The broad Inuit qayaq form is compared with Proto-Eskimo *qan-yaq; the notation is source-dependent and does not identify one modern donor variety.
The kayak or skin-boat referent remains central across the comparison.
CHRONOLOGYProto-Eskimo reconstruction precedes attested Inuit forms.
CONFIDENCE NOTEA specialist philological analysis supports a distinct Eskimo reconstruction, while the English dictionary supplies only the broad label Inuit.
Portuguese manga closely reflects Malayalam māṅṅa; the nasal and final vowel were accommodated in Portuguese spelling.
The mango-fruit referent remained stable.
CHRONOLOGYIndian Ocean contact before the English record; no invented transfer year.
CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster says “probably from Malayalam”; Gundert independently attests the Malayalam form.
English moose reflects a closely matching Eastern Algonquian animal name such as moos or mos.
The animal referent remained stable.
CHRONOLOGYEnglish record by 1603.
CONFIDENCE NOTEAlgonquian origin is secure, but the exact donor variety is not uniquely established in the reviewed evidence.
The noun yoğurt is analyzed in relation to the verbal base yogur- or modern yoğur-.
A process word for kneading or working a mixture is proposed as the morphological base of the food noun.
CHRONOLOGYHistorical Turkic development before modern Turkish; no invented exact date.
CONFIDENCE NOTEÖzbek reviews historical forms and argues for the structural and semantic relation; the site preserves the proposal label.
Latin candēre is derived from a zero-grade stative formation of reconstructed *(s)kend-.
Shining, gleaming, and whiteness retain the reconstructed brightness core.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe form is reconstructed and the graph also preserves an older proposed *kand- route.
English intellect continues a medieval French or directly Latin learned form; this dossier displays the published Old French route.
Perception and understanding become the modern capacity for knowing and reasoning.
CHRONOLOGYThe English record begins in the 14th century.
CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster allows Middle French or direct Latin transmission; American Heritage specifies Old French intellecte.
Latin cōnscīre combines assimilated com- with scīre; the prefix is analyzed as with/together or as intensive.
Knowing becomes mutual, shared, thorough, or self-aware knowledge, with moral guilt among its attested applications.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe sources do not assign one exclusive semantic value to com-.
Merriam-Webster analyzes omnisciēns as a back-formation from Medieval Latin omniscientia.
The abstract state of all-knowledge supplies an adjective meaning all-knowing.
CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage instead presents Medieval Latin omnisciēns directly as omni- plus sciēns.
English prescient is compatible with French transmission and direct learned borrowing from Latin; the displayed French form preserves the mediated route.
Foreknowledge remains central while ordinary usage often relaxes toward unusually accurate foresight.
CHRONOLOGYEtymonline dates English prescient to the 1620s.
CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage specifies French transmission; Merriam-Webster gives Latin; Etymonline gives French and direct Latin.
English legislation borrows French législation with learned English stress and pronunciation.
The making of laws and the resulting body of laws remain central while legislative-business senses develop.
CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports 1606; Etymonline gives the 1650s.
CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster reports an earlier English horizon than Etymonline; the borrowing itself is secure.
Old Norse lag and lög reflect a reconstructed Germanic *lagam formation in the lay-family.
A layer, laying, or ordered placement supplies the legal sense “what is laid down.”
CONFIDENCE NOTEReference traditions vary in notation and inflectional detail.
Proto-Germanic *lagam reflects an o-grade formation in the PIE *legh- “lie, lay” family.
The concrete act of laying becomes an established order and law.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe broad comparative family is secure; exact intermediate morphology is reconstructed.
Latin movēre is assigned to the PIE movement root *meue- in the reviewed source.
Physical pushing and movement underlie the later agitation and feeling family.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe exact PIE notation follows the reviewed reference.
Old English sealt regularly continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *saltom.
The material salt sense remains stable across Germanic.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Proto-Germanic form is reconstructed, not attested.
Proto-Germanic *saltom belongs to the Indo-European salt family represented as *séh₂l- in the existing dossier and *sal- in other references.
The material salt meaning remains stable; no payment sense exists at the reconstructed stage.
CONFIDENCE NOTERoot notation differs across references without changing the comparative salt-family claim.
Middle English forms adapt Old French algorisme / augorisme with variable vowels, consonants, and endings.
The art of reckoning with Hindu-Arabic numerals remains central.
CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster also allows direct Medieval Latin transmission; the canonical graph preserves that already-cited parent as a parallel route.
Old French algorisme / augorisme adapts Medieval Latin algorismus with Romance vowel and ending changes.
The learned arithmetic term enters vernacular calculation vocabulary.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe sources describe French and Latin stages without reducing every spelling to one transmission event.
Old English lecgan continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *lagojanan with West Germanic sound development.
To cause something to lie yields the transitive verb to lay or set down.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Proto-Germanic form and exact phonological sequence are reconstructed.
Proto-Germanic *lagojanan is a causative formation in the PIE *legh- lie-and-lay family.
A state of lying supplies a causative act of putting or setting down.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe comparative family is secure while the intermediate form is reconstructed.
Māori tapu preserves the t and vowels of the wider Oceanic comparison; intermediate subgroup stages are not invented.
Sacredness, prohibition, restriction, and being set apart remain central.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Māori word is attested; *tampu is a comparative reconstruction.
Hawaiian kapu reflects the characteristic Hawaiian development of earlier *t to k after the older k-space changed; the rest of the form remains visibly close.
Sacred, prohibited, consecrated, and set-apart senses continue across the family.
CONFIDENCE NOTEPOLLEX supplies the lexical comparison; Blust documents the Hawaiian *t to k sound change and its historical complexity.
Greenlandic qajaq continues the independently reconstructed Proto-Eskimo kayak formation; exact intermediate dialect stages are not over-specified.
The watercraft referent remains central.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe Greenlandic form is attested and the Proto-Eskimo form reconstructed.
Portuguese chá adapts a Cantonese cha-type form with Portuguese spelling and /ʃ/ realization; Infopédia instead labels the source Mandarin.
The meaning remains tea, later extending regularly to the plant, leaves, infusion, and social uses.
CHRONOLOGYPortuguese contact through Macao in the sixteenth century.
CONFIDENCE NOTEWALS explicitly gives a Cantonese route through Macao, while Infopédia gives Mandarin. The graph follows the historically specific route and exposes the disagreement.
READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD
TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.
Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.
Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.
Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.
Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.