HOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.

colligere combines the assimilated com- / col- “together” prefix with legere.

Gathering becomes explicitly gathering together.

Middle English and French forms adapted Medieval Latin algorismus with variable vowels and endings.

The art of reckoning with Hindu-Arabic numerals remained central.

The Arabic name al-Khwārizmī was heavily Latinized as Algoritmi / algorismus; the initial article was absorbed into the form.

A scholar's geographic name came to denote the arithmetic associated with transmitted texts.

Arabic al- plus Khwārizm plus the relational suffix -ī forms “the Khwārizmian.”

A place of origin becomes a personal identifier.

English borrowed the learned form through Medieval Latin and Romance channels, with stress and vowel adaptation.

A named mathematical art developed into the broad modern discipline.

Arabic al-jabr was adapted into Medieval Latin algebra, retaining the article as part of the word.

An operation of restoring a subtracted term—and a title phrase—came to name the mathematical discipline; a bone-setting sense also circulated.

The Arabic verbal noun jabr is derived from jabara; the definite article al- is prefixed.

Restoring, reuniting, or mending is specialized as a mathematical operation.

English borrowed the learned participial stem with regular English stress and suffix treatment.

Counting and reckoning broadened into estimation, intention, and deliberate planning.

Calculātus is the past participle of calculāre.

The completed act of reckoning supplies the borrowed form.

Calculāre is derived from calculus.

Manipulating counting pebbles becomes the general act of computation.

Josef Čapek suggested robot from Czech robota; English received the coined form through Karel Čapek's R.U.R. and its translation.

Compulsory human labor was reassigned to artificial workers, then generalized to automatic machines.

Middle English muscle continued into modern English with regular orthographic and phonological development.

The anatomical meaning remained central and later extended to strength and coercive power.

Middle English muscle borrowed the Old French form with English pronunciation and spelling adaptation.

The anatomical name remained a muscle term.

Old French muscle continues Latin musculus through the Romance transmission channel.

The Latin anatomical name remained a muscle term.

Latin musculus is the diminutive formation built from mūs with the suffix -culus.

“Little mouse” named a muscle and also supplied a Latin name for the mussel; the anatomical resemblance mechanism is not fixed here.

Middle English muscle continues Old English muscelle with reduction and remodeling of the final syllables.

The word continues to denote the bivalve mollusk.

Middle English mous developed into modern mouse with the later spelling convention marking the diphthong.

The central rodent meaning remained stable while transferred senses accumulated.

Middle English mous continues Old English mūs.

The inherited word retained the meaning “mouse.”

Middle English ost / host continued into modern host with loss of the unstressed variant and stabilization of initial h.

The reversible host-or-guest role narrowed in English toward the person receiving others, then expanded into event, media, biological, and computing roles.

Middle English borrowed Anglo-French oste / hoste with ordinary spelling variation around initial h.

The host-or-guest hospitality role was retained.

Anglo-French oste / hoste continues Latin hospes through Romance sound reduction and adaptation.

Latin's reciprocal host-or-guest role remained available in the French and early English forms.

Middle English gest and related variants developed into modern guest; the modern spelling distinguishes the hard initial consonant without changing the inherited base.

The visitor receiving hospitality remained the central sense.

English hostile was borrowed through Middle French while also drawing directly on Latin hostīlis.

The enemy-related adjective entered English without a major semantic shift.

Middle French hostile was borrowed from Latin hostīlis with minimal learned-form adaptation.

The meaning remained “of or characteristic of an enemy.”