NODE / 0120attestedOld French

muscle

DATE: Old French
SENSE: anatomical
FAMILY: Indo-European / Romance
CANONICAL KEY: node:8:muscle:attested:sense:anatomical

The anatomical borrowing channel reported by American Heritage.

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

GO DEEPERborrowingestablished

Latin · Latin antiquity · mouse derived polysemy

musculus

little mouse; muscle; also a mussel name

SOUND: Old French muscle continues Latin musculus through the Romance transmission channel.
MEANING: The Latin anatomical name remained a muscle term.
SCHOLAR: American Heritage Dictionary editors
CONFIDENCE: established

Muscle — Word HistorysupportsOld French from Latin musculus ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 103 ↗

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

DESCENDANTborrowingestablished

Middle English · Middle English · anatomical

muscle

a muscle or muscular organ

SOUND: Middle English muscle borrowed the Old French form with English pronunciation and spelling adaptation.
MEANING: The anatomical name remained a muscle term.
CHRONOLOGY: Borrowing belongs to the Middle English period.
SCHOLAR: American Heritage Dictionary editors
CONFIDENCE: established

Muscle — Word HistorysupportsMiddle English and Old French ancestry ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 102 ↗

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES: 2
REVIEWED EDGES: 2
DEEPEST PATH: 2
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED: 1

muscle2 connected nodes

HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE

STEP 01borrowingestablished

Old Frenchmuscle→Middle English · Middle Englishmusclea muscle or muscular organ

SOUND: Middle English muscle borrowed the Old French form with English pronunciation and spelling adaptation.
MEANING: The anatomical name remained a muscle term.

American Heritage Dictionary editors1 CITATIONEDGE 102 ↗

Muscle — Word History · Middle English and Old French ancestry ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE

STEP 02continuationestablished

Middle Englishmuscle→Present-Day English · 14th century–todaymusclecontractile body tissue; later strength or coercive power

SOUND: Middle English muscle continued into modern English with regular orthographic and phonological development.
MEANING: The anatomical meaning remained central and later extended to strength and coercive power.

Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 101 ↗

Muscle — Word History · Etymology and First Known Use ↗Muscle — Word History · Word History ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

03musclemuscle · established