Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.
THE CHANGE ATLAS
WORD FAMILIES ↗EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH
FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCEHOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.
A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.
EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.
Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.
515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.
Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.
Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.
011025 MATCHING EDGES
SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS
FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.
all changeSearch form and meaning togethersound historySearch phonological and formal changemeaning historySearch mutation in sense and use
The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.
02PAGE 40 / 43
SEMANTIC HISTORY
1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES
EDGE803boundary
Latindī-/dis-apart, asunder→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted earlier analysis is currently attached to this prefix branch.
No deeper parent is promoted for the Latin prefix in this dossier.
The morphological branch stops at the limit of the cited headword analysis.
CONFIDENCE NOTEA source can identify a component without supplying its complete prehistory.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE807boundary
Old Englishwīfwoman; wife→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond this component in the dossier spine.
No direct parent is promoted beyond Old English wīf in the reviewed dossier spine.
The trail stops while probable cognate comparisons remain labeled as relatives.
CONFIDENCE NOTEMerriam-Webster calls the Tocharian comparison probable rather than supplying a secure direct ancestor.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE813boundary
Proto-Indo-European*man-¹man; human being→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed human-being root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *man-¹.
The human-being trail ends before unsupported root-merging.
CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage prints man-¹ and men-¹ as distinct entries.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE820boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dheh₁(i)-to suck→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed suckle root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *dheh₁(i)-.
The trail ends where the published comparative root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed rather than an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE825boundary
Latinmāsmale→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond Latin mās in this dossier.
No older form is promoted beyond Latin mās in the reviewed headword sources.
The trail stops without inventing a reconstruction or linking unrelated mal-.
CONFIDENCE NOTEA missing deeper parent is represented explicitly.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE832boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dhghem-earth→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *dhghem-.
The trail ends where the published comparative root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed rather than an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE840boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃ekʷ-to see→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed see root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *h₃ekʷ-.
The visual-root branch ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis deep boundary does not erase the earlier uncertainty between Latin, Etruscan, and Greek.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE847boundary
Ancient Greekπρόςtoward; near; at→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted earlier parent is attached to this side branch in the person dossier.
No deeper parent is promoted for pros- in this reviewed component branch.
The side trail stops at the current evidence limit.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe person dossier reviewed the headword analysis, not the full independent history of Greek pros-.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE851boundary
Old Englishhlāfloaf; bread→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the loaf branch in this dossier spine.
No deeper parent is promoted for Old English hlāf in this reviewed dossier.
The loaf branch stops while the separately modeled guardian branch continues.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe headword sources establish the compound without supplying a reviewed deeper loaf ancestry.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE855boundary
Old Englishhlāfloaf; bread→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the loaf branch in this dossier spine.
No deeper parent is promoted for Old English hlāf in this reviewed dossier.
The loaf branch stops while the separately modeled kneading branch continues.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe headword sources establish the compound without supplying a reviewed deeper loaf ancestry.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE865boundary
Proto-Indo-European*bheuhₓ-to be; exist; grow→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed be and grow root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *bheuhₓ-.
The trail ends where the published comparative root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed, not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE868boundary
Old Englishwīfwoman; wife→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted direct ancestor is currently known beyond Old English wīf.
No direct parent is promoted beyond Old English wīf.
The trail stops while a probable Tocharian comparison remains explicitly non-parental.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reviewed sources do not supply a secure direct ancestor.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE870boundary
Middle Englishgirlechild or young person of either sex; girl→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely established origin is currently known before Middle English girle.
No established parent is promoted beyond Middle English girle.
The secure trail ends before an uncertain Old English and garment comparison.
CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage labels the origin unknown; the Middle English Dictionary marks its proposals with question marks.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE879boundary
Proto-Indo-European*gʷou-ox; bull; cow→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed cattle root on this proposed route.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *gʷou-.
The proposed trail ends where the published cattle root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe final boundary does not resolve the disputed connection back to boy.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE884boundary
Proto-Indo-European*wer-³to perceive; watch out for→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed watch root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *wer-³.
The guardian trail ends where the published comparative root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed rather than attested.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE889boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dheig̑h-to form; build→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed form-and-build root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *dheig̑h-.
The kneading trail ends where the published comparative root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed rather than attested.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE891boundary
Old Norsehūshouse→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the house component in this dossier.
No deeper parent is promoted for Old Norse hūs in this reviewed dossier.
The house component stops while the householder component carries the reviewed deep trail.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe headword research did not review the full independent history of house.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE893boundary
Tocharian Bkwīpeshame; modesty; woman comparison→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted shared ancestor is currently known for the wīf and kwīpe comparison.
No shared reconstructed parent is promoted beyond the wīf and kwīpe comparison.
The probable comparison remains open at the present evidence frontier.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reviewed sources do not supply a direct ancestor.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE895boundary
Old English*gyrelaproposed predecessor of girle→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the tentative reconstructed form.
No older form is promoted beyond proposed *gyrela.
The reconstructed predecessor remains an open hypothesis.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe branch is tentative from its first edge.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE897boundary
Old Englishgierelagarment→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted relationship carries the girl dossier beyond this tentative comparison.
No secure relationship is promoted beyond the Old English garment comparison.
The garment hypothesis stops at its evidential limit.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe comparison is not an established ancestor.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE901boundary
Proto-Germanic*hlaibazloaf of bread→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reconstructed ancestor is currently promoted beyond *hlaibaz.
No securely established parent is promoted beyond reconstructed *hlaibaz.
The Germanic bread word reaches an evidential boundary; a possible substrate comparison remains separately graded proposed.
CONFIDENCE NOTEAmerican Heritage says perhaps when comparing a common European substrate source.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE902boundary
Old High Germanwībwoman; wife in recorded expressions→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reconstructed direct ancestor is currently promoted beyond Old High German wīb.
No reconstructed direct parent is promoted beyond attested Old High German wīb.
The historical woman and wife word reaches an unresolved origin rather than a fabricated proto-form.
CONFIDENCE NOTEDuden explicitly labels the origin unclear and offers two possibilities only as perhaps.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE913boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dhghem-earth→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *dhghem-.
The humble trail ends where the published comparative earth root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed rather than attested.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE917boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dhghem-earth→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.
No older form is promoted beyond reviewed *dhghem-.
The humus trail ends where the published comparative earth root ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe root is reconstructed rather than attested.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
03
READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD
TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.
Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.
Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.
Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.
Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.