NODE / 0807reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*man-¹
TRANSLITERATION *man-¹
man; human being
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European root
- SENSE
- human root
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:man1:reconstructed:sense:human-root
American Heritage distinguishes this root from men-¹, to think.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 1 evidence path stops at this boundary.
INSPECT 1 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIM
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 8
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 8
- DEEPEST PATH
- 6
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 2
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Extended *manu- is built on the root *man-¹.
- MEANING
- The extension forms a human-being noun without invoking the separate think root.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 812 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Proto-Germanic *mann- is analyzed under the extended Indo-European form *manu-.
- MEANING
- The human-being noun continues across the reconstructed stages.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 811 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Old English mann reflects Proto-Germanic *mann-.
- MEANING
- The human-person field remains visible across Germanic.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 810 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 042 EDGES
STEP 04continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English man continues Old English mann or mon.
- MEANING
- Human being and person remain central while male-specific usage expands.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 809 ↗ STEP 04compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- Old English wīfman contains mann as its second lexical component beside wīf.
- MEANING
- The historical human-being or person sense specializes the compound as female person.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 841 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 052 EDGES
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Old English wīfman contracts and assimilates into Middle English womman.
- MEANING
- The compound remains a woman noun while its internal morphology becomes opaque.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 805 ↗ STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern man continues Middle English man with stabilized spelling and pronunciation.
- MEANING
- A broad human-being word develops an increasingly salient adult-male sense.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 808 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 061 EDGE
STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English womman develops to modern woman with reduction of the unstressed final syllable and modern spelling.
- MEANING
- The female-person compound remains the ordinary adult-female noun.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 804 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE