NODE / 0838reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*h₃ekʷ-
TRANSLITERATION *h₃ekʷ-
to see
- DATE
- oldest Proto-Indo-European form
- SENSE
- see eye root
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:h3ekw:reconstructed:sense:see-eye-root
Published oldest form behind Greek ὤψ.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 1 evidence path stops at this boundary.
INSPECT 1 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIM
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Ancient Greek · Ancient Greek · eye faceὤψ
eye; face
- SOUND
- Greek ὤψ reflects the Indo-European see and eye root *h₃ekʷ-.
- MEANING
- Eye and face continue the visual root field.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 7
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 7
- DEEPEST PATH
- 7
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Greek ὤψ reflects the Indo-European see and eye root *h₃ekʷ-.
- MEANING
- Eye and face continue the visual root field.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 839 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- Greek πρόσωπον is conventionally analyzed with ὤψ or ὠπ-, eye or face, beside separately modeled pros-.
- MEANING
- Face and eye supply the visible-surface component that develops mask and character senses.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Liddell, Scott, and Jones2 CITATIONSEDGE 838 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03proposed comparisonproposed
- SOUND
- Etruscan phersu has been compared with Greek πρόσωπον, but the exact historical direction and mediation are uncertain.
- MEANING
- Masked figure, face, mask, and character provide a semantic comparison.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Marta Di Napoli2 CITATIONSEDGE 837 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04competing borrowingproposed
- SOUND
- Latin persōna is probably related to or borrowed from Etruscan phersu.
- MEANING
- An Etruscan masked figure is proposed behind the Latin mask, role, and person word.
Oxford Classical Dictionary Editors · Marta Di Napoli · Merriam-Webster Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 836 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE
STEP 05inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French persone continues Latin persōna.
- MEANING
- Mask, role, character, and person senses travel through Romance.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 835 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 061 EDGE
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English persone was borrowed through Anglo-French persone.
- MEANING
- The person and character noun crosses through French into English.
HISTORICAL STEP 071 EDGE
STEP 07continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern person continues Middle English persone with loss of final unstressed e and stabilized spelling.
- MEANING
- Role and individual reference develop into the modern person noun.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 833 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE