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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 1 headword matching “Logic”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
logicEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English logike, from Old French and Latin logicus, from Ancient Greek λογῐκός (logĭkós). Displaced native Old English flitcræftlīċ.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗logicEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English logik, from Old French logike, from Latin logica, from Ancient Greek λογική (logikḗ, “logic”), from feminine of λογικός (logikós, “of or pertaining to speech or reason or reasoning, rational, reasonable”), from λόγος (lógos, “speech, reason”). Displaced native Old English flitcræft (literally “art of arguing”) and Old English racu (“logic, reasoning”). See also rare English witcraft.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗logicEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English logik, from Old French logike, from Latin logica, from Ancient Greek λογική (logikḗ, “logic”), from feminine of λογικός (logikós, “of or pertaining to speech or reason or reasoning, rational, reasonable”), from λόγος (lógos, “speech, reason”). Displaced native Old English flitcræft (literally “art of arguing”) and Old English racu (“logic, reasoning”). See also rare English witcraft.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounexact headword
logic
The discipline and practice of valid reasoning, inherited through French and Latin from a Greek family of word, account, speech, and reason.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
disaster
A catastrophe whose name preserves an astrological model of misfortune: an unfavorable star.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
etymological
Of, relating to, or based on etymology; an Early Modern English adjective whose exact formation is described differently by major historical dictionaries.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivecontrarian claim
female
A sex-class term borrowed through French from Latin fēmella, a diminutive of fēmina, with its English spelling later remodeled under male.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Danish common-gender noundossier summary
fjende
Modern Danish fjende is the ordinary noun for a person, state, force, ideological opponent, or figurative thing that harms something else. Den Danske Ordbog derives it from Old Norse fjándi, compares German Feind, and identifies the older formation as a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Gammeldansk Ordbog records fiende broadly from 1100–1300. Ordbog over det danske Sprog preserves fiende, finde, and related spellings, an ordinary enemy sense, military and animal uses, abstract threats, and a special religious Devil branch. Holbergordbog shows that Fiende could still scan as either three syllables or two, alongside Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, and clipped Fiend. The word is therefore a grammatical fossil, not a current psychological definition: a lexicalized one-who-hates became the ordinary Danish enemy noun and accumulated broad contextual work. The current pronunciations are dictionary records, not retrojections into medieval Danish. No manuscript or print object is claimed as directly inspected.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
hammock
The suspended-bed sense entered English through Spanish hamaca from Taíno hamaca; it is etymologically separate from the southern U.S. terrain word hammock.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Frisian weak verbcontrarian claim
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem noundossier summary
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
intelligence
Capacity for understanding, information, or the organizations that gather it; inherited through French from Latin intelligentia.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
jaguar
English jaguar, recorded by 1604, came through Portuguese from Tupi jawára, whose range was broader than the modern zoological species label.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗027
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
logic
the study or use of valid reasoning
- DATE
- 12th century–today
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
logica
logic; the logical art
- DATE
- Latin scholarly tradition
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
etymological
of, relating to, or based on etymology
- DATE
- 1588–today
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
etymologicus
etymological; conforming to etymology
- DATE
- Late Latin grammatical tradition
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Anglo-French / Indo-European
logique
logic; rational art
- DATE
- Anglo-French / medieval French
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
λογική
logikḗthe logical art or science
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
The dossier stops at a live etymological dispute.
- DATE
- before the competing Mapuche and Spanish analyses
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0318
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedexact word
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather/collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openprobableexact word
Did “gather” straightforwardly become “speak”?
The collect/say comparison is old and substantial, but a neat story about “gathering words” exceeds what the comparative forms alone can prove.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Does λόγος simply mean “logic”?
No. λόγος ranges across account, reckoning, explanation, speech, discourse, word, and reason; “logic” is one specialized descendant.
openproposedposition text
Does cais securely prove cognacy with the Germanic hate family?
No. The Celtic–Germanic comparison is serious enough to display, but the graph keeps it as a context link rather than a genealogical edge because formal and semantic acceptance remain unsettled.
openprobableposition text
How was historical cais pronounced in each cited period and region?
Not directly recoverable from the reviewed evidence. Written forms and variants do not constitute recorded audio or a complete phonological reconstruction.
openproposedposition text
Is calculus securely a diminutive of calx “limestone”?
Not securely. The traditional analysis is morphologically and semantically irregular; an alternative links Latin calculus and Greek stone words through a possible shared substrate source.
openprobableposition text
How was English etymological formed?
Merriam-Webster analyzes etymologic from Latin etymologicus and etymological as etymologic + -al; Etymonline analyzes etymology + -ical.
openprobableposition text
Does the English record begin in 1588 or the 1590s?
The reports differ slightly: Merriam-Webster gives 1588 and Etymonline gives the 1590s. Neither date proves the word was coined then.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact spoken pronunciation be recovered?
No recorded voice survives. The macron and grammatical spelling support a historical phonological analysis, but they do not license an audio-like exact realization.
openprobableposition text
Was the weak verb formed directly from *hatiz-?
The weak-verb reconstructions are grouped with the *hatiz- noun family, but the exact formation, chronological direction, and relation among the ēn, ōn, and jan verbs are reconstructed rather than witnessed.
openproposedposition text
Can the exact date and phonological staging of cynn be treated as settled?
The main sequence—gemination, umlaut, glide loss, and ending loss—is strongly evidenced, but the exact dating of West Germanic gemination and the analysis and chronology of Sievers’ Law remain debated.
openboundaryposition text
Can the Greek-to-Latin adjective transfer be dated to one event?
Not from the reviewed sources. Merriam-Webster establishes Greek etymologikos behind Latin etymologicus, while CNRTL documents late Latin use in Diomedes; neither identifies one precisely dated borrowing event.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6
RANK 212GRADE A−exact ranked word
Logic and -logy are the same word family.
Both return to Greek λόγος; even the deeper “gather” root has a live reconstruction dispute.
RANK 44GRADE Aranked reveal
One corpus hit written hatia is not the hate verb at all.
The May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search returns six records under word or lemma hatia, but spelling alone creates a trap. In Brokmer B 101, Buma explicitly identifies hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h; Nijdam's translation confirms a poor mother unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant records then reveal the genuine verb's own range: harm or hindrance on an army road, legal adversity, and God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The contrarian truth is therefore philological twice over: one identical surface belongs elsewhere, while the inherited verb itself extends beyond private feeling.
RANK 83GRADE Aranked reveal
The longer ancient word is not the deeper root.
LSJ calls ἐτήτυμος a poetic reduplication beside ἔτυμος. Extra syllables can be expressive morphology rather than archaeological depth.
RANK 85GRADE Acontrarian claim
“Etymological” did not first mean scientific.
The earliest source-reported French use around 1550 describes names that reveal their “true sense.” The modern adjective’s relation-to-a-discipline sense arrived over a much older truth-seeking metaphor.
RANK 86GRADE Aranked reveal
Origin does not get the last word.
Calling something “etymological” describes its historical analysis; it does not make an obsolete sense more correct than a word’s established current meaning.
RANK 138GRADE Branked reveal
The Devil may have preserved the second syllable of Dutch vijand.
The solid layer is already strange: vijand is a fossilized present participle, literally one who hates. The speculative layer is stranger. EWN, Van Veen, De Vries, and Van Haeringen propose that medieval use for the Devil made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. VMNW proves the Devil sense was real with repeated thirteenth-century records. It does not prove the phonological cause. The correct reveal is may have preserved, not did preserve.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Logic — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary88 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — *fi(j)ēn- and *fi(j)and-
Guus Kroonen / 2013
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary75 CLAIM LINKS
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
Guus Kroonen / 2013
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological Dictionary of Greek
Robert S. P. Beekes / 2010
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Чай — Этимологический словарь русского языка
Max Vasmer / 1953
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗journal article5 CLAIM LINKS
A Brief Biological History of Quarantine: Modern use of an ancient tool
Lesley Evans Ogden / 2021
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language — hetzen
Friedrich Kluge · translated by John Francis Davis / 1891
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological — Online Etymology Dictionary
Douglas Harper / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon
Hrach K. Martirosyan / 2010
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
robota — Słownik etymologiczny
University of Warsaw Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗054
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints the historical English headword LOGICK and opens by calling it the art of right thinking.
logic / logic / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Middle English lexical record
logic / logic / 12th century
Logic — Word Historyexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for etymological
etymological / etymological / 1588
Etymological — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
newspaper ideological-opponent use
fjende / fjende / modern example dated 1992 by source
Den Danske Ordbog — fjendereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.