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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
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MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Old Frisian weak verbexact headword
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak verbheadword prefix
hatian
An attested Old English verb for hating whose objects include persons, enemies, vices, and deeds. It continues a reconstructed Germanic weak verb commonly represented as *hatōjan-, but published reconstructions vary, its relationship to the noun base is derivational rather than direct word-to-word descent, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical-form prefix
hate
An inherited Germanic hostility word whose English noun and verb histories converge imperfectly: Old English preserves both hete and hatian, Middle English may have remodeled the noun from the verb, and the proposed deeper Indo-European family remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hettan
An Old English weak-verb lemma supported by a strikingly narrow surface record. A full-corpus lemmatisation inventory lists only hettende under hettan; Bosworth–Toller redirects the bare headword to hettend, “enemy,” while Orel compares the verb with Gothic hatjan and Middle High German hetzen. Clark Hall instead assigns hettende to hatian. The dossier therefore separates the comparative verb, the recorded enemy word, and the unresolved lemma assignment.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗022
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Old Frisian / Indo-European
hatia
to hate or reject; to damage; in feud-language, to harm or pursue as an enemy
- DATE
- Old Frisian legal and theological records, text 1220-1300 through manuscripts 1490-1540
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
hatian
to hate, treat as an enemy, persecute, or in a cited context pursue
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 2
0315
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableexact word
Is the Proto-Germanic parent exactly *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan?
The inherited Germanic verb family is probable, but reconstruction notation and the relationship among weak formations vary across references.
openprobableexact word
Why does Köbler print hatia with an asterisk while corpus forms are visible?
Köbler's sigla mark inferred or unattested representations inside his lexicographic system, while the later corpus surfaces inflected forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien and one misleading hatia homograph. The exact source-base difference remains to be reconciled.
openproposedexact word
Is hatia specifically East Old Frisian, West Old Frisian, or both?
The reviewed sources do not flatten the dialect evidence. Popkema marks hetia as West Lauwers, Corpus Oudfries places relevant records in West Old Frisian texts, while StarLing labels hatia East Frisian.
openproposedexact word
Is damage a late semantic extension or an old legal and feud specialization?
Not established. The dictionaries document damage and enemy-pursuit senses, but the reviewed records do not supply a continuous dated semantic transition series.
openestablishedexact word
Is any one reviewed token the earliest surviving use of the verb?
Not established. The Book of Rudolf has an older text-date range but a later manuscript, and this review did not compare every witness, edition, or dating claim.
openestablishedexact word
Can one exact Old Frisian pronunciation or vowel length be recovered?
No. Lexicographic forms include hatia, hetia, and hātia, but the reviewed sources do not provide audio or a complete dated phonetic transition series.
openproposedexact word
Does hatia securely descend from exactly *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. The Germanic comparison is firmer than the displayed Indo-European route, whose semantic members are far from transparent.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Was Old Frisian hatia a weak verb?
Yes. Hofmann and Popkema classify hatia, hetia, and hātia as a weak verb; Köbler independently classifies the family as a weak verb.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Does the current Corpus Oudfries search return six hits?
Yes for the reviewed May 2026 word-or-lemma query. The number is a current corpus result, not a census of all lost, surviving, or spoken Old Frisian.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Are all six search hits instances of the hate or harm verb?
No. Buma identifies the Brokmer B 101 hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam's translation concerns a mother unable to feed her children.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Does the Brokmer B 101 passage mean a mother cannot hate her children?
No. In context it says that if the mother is so poor that she cannot otherwise feed or rear her children, she may take something from the wergeld.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Did hatia mean only inward hatred?
No. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. The corpus records include road and legal-adversity contexts beside theological hate.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 3
RANK 44GRADE Aexact ranked word
One corpus hit written hatia is not the hate verb at all.
The May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search returns six records under word or lemma hatia, but spelling alone creates a trap. In Brokmer B 101, Buma explicitly identifies hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h; Nijdam's translation confirms a poor mother unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant records then reveal the genuine verb's own range: harm or hindrance on an army road, legal adversity, and God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The contrarian truth is therefore philological twice over: one identical surface belongs elsewhere, while the inherited verb itself extends beyond private feeling.
RANK 26GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Old English hated vices and deeds as well as people.
Bosworth–Toller’s Pastoral Care examples make conduct grammatical: rulers hate their subjects’ vices, and the text distinguishes loving what enemies are from hating what they do. The historical verb therefore records directed moral and hostile judgment, not only an inward emotion label.
RANK 25GRADE Aranked reveal
Hate was enemy-directed action as well as feeling in Old English.
Old English hatian could mean treating as an enemy, persecuting, or injuring; Beowulf puts the verb beside hostile deeds. The deeper claim that pursuit was the first meaning remains open, and the graph says so.
049
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum / 1898
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record10 CLAIM LINKS
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisica
Corpus Oudfries editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch — extracted entry hatia
Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema / 2008
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record7 CLAIM LINKS
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Register to Jus Municipale Frisonum
Corpus Oudfries editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record6 CLAIM LINKS
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Book of Rudolf
Corpus Oudfries editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th edition — hatia
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized scholarly edition5 CLAIM LINKS
Beowulf: an Anglo-Saxon poem — glossary entry hatian
James A. Harrison · Robert Sharp / 1893
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗critical edition5 CLAIM LINKS
Die Brokmer Rechtshandschriften — B 101 and critical note hatia = atia
W. J. Buma / 1949
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record3 CLAIM LINKS
Corpus Oudfries — hatia search hit in the Book of Debts
Corpus Oudfries editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0511
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Register to Jus Municipale Frisonum
hatia / hatia / manuscript J dated 1520-1540; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Register to Jus Municipale Frisonumexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Book of Rudolf
hatia / hatia / text dated 1220-1300; manuscript J dated 1520-1540; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Book of Rudolfexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicaexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicaexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicaexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Electronic Beowulf critical edition report of hatode
hatian / hate / Beowulf line 2319
Electronic Beowulf, Fifth Editionattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Electronic Beowulf critical edition report of hatian
hatian / hate / Beowulf line 2466
Electronic Beowulf, Fifth Editionattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
John 7:7 occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hatian / hatian / Old English West Saxon Gospel record
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary Hattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Pastoral Care occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hatian / hatian / Old English Pastoral Care record
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary Hattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Sweet’s edited Pastoral Care distinction
hatian / hatian / Old English Pastoral Care record
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353attested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Electronic Beowulf critical-edition report of hatian
hatian / hatian / Beowulf line 2466
Electronic Beowulf, Fifth Editionattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.