The Khiamniungan Naga language is presently written using the Latin alphabet . No indigenous or alternative script has been documented from earlier periods in the language's history. For a detailed description of the writing system's conventions including vowel and Consonant representation, tone marking (such as the use of h for glottal, the letter ü is pronounced ə ), and orthographic rules, see the Wikipedia article on the Khiamniungan alphabet.
GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Th” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024Th
This word is outside the curated dossier collection. Here is the dictionary’s etymology, with its language and revision preserved. These claims have not yet passed *SET-U’s graph review.
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical-form prefix
tea
The English name of the beverage, carried through the Dutch maritime network from a Southern Min form of the Chinese word 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical-form prefix
tipi
One spelling in the English tepee–teepee–tipi family, borrowed from Dakota thípi and built on a Siouan dwelling root.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun combining formcontrarian claim
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗onomastic compound elementcontrarian claim
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
December
The twelfth month in the modern calendar; its inherited Latin name literally identifies it as the tenth month.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
Liebe
The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
adverb
A grammatical class commonly modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences; the English term continues Latin adverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
algebra
A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Dakota / Siouan
*thí
dwell; dwelling root
- DATE
- Proto-Dakota
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Dutch / Indo-European
thee
tea
- DATE
- 17th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Dakota / Siouan
thí-
to dwell
- DATE
- Dakota historical and modern record
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Dakota / Siouan
thípi
dwelling; the source of English tipi
- DATE
- Dakota historical and modern record
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghm̥-on-
earthling; human being
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero-grade formation
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghom-o-
earth; ground
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed o-grade formation
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 4
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghom-on-
earthling; human being
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed formation
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*-inga- / *-unga-
person associated with or belonging to a lineage
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dh(e)ghom-
earth
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European o-grade form
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dhghem-
earth
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European centum form
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 9
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dhg̑hem-
earth
- DATE
- oldest Proto-Indo-European form
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*fi(j)and-
lexicalized enemy formation from the hate verb’s present participle
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 10
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather or collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openprobableposition text
Did -rīx mean exactly “king” in every compound name?
Not necessarily. The king or prince value is secure for the element, but scholarship distinguishes names where it is determinative from analyses in which it is semantically bleached or intensifying. Each host therefore requires its own compositional claim.
openprobableposition text
Did English receive December through Old English or French?
The reviewed source allows either Old English or Anglo-French transmission from Latin and does not choose between them.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact phonetic shape of *fi(j)and- directly known?
No. The form is a comparative reconstruction. Optional j notation, branch vowels, and the relation of written historical variants require analysis rather than direct Proto-Germanic observation.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openprobableposition text
Can the lexicalization of one who hates as enemy be dated to one exact event?
No unique event is known. Cross-branch evidence places it before the recorded daughter languages, but no text records the prehistoric lexicalization moment.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and paradigm be recovered?
Not completely. Comparative forms support the morphology, but no recording or written Proto-Germanic paradigm survives.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact lexicalization date of the loving participle be known?
No. The formation predates the daughter-language records and is already nominal in the earliest High German evidence.
openproposedposition text
Does Freund securely descend from exactly *prī-?
The comparison is published on the shared friend-family route but remains proposed and less secure than the Germanic formation.
openprobableposition text
Was the relative sense inherited or independently strengthened in Germanic branches?
The sources establish the sense across German and Nordic evidence but do not recover one complete prehistoric semantic tree.
openproposedposition text
Was the original meaning hostile pursuit or suffering and sorrow?
Unresolved. DWB argues for hostile pursuit or persecution as the original center; Duden glosses the origin as suffering, sorrow, and resentment; DWDS foregrounds hostile disposition, resentment, and enmity.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatiz-.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 1GRADE Acontrarian claim
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 2GRADE Acontrarian claim
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 3GRADE Aranked reveal
Robot named forced labor before machinery.
The machine word begins in Czech robota: compulsory labor, corvée, or drudgery.
RANK 4GRADE Acontrarian claim
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 5GRADE Acontrarian claim
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 6GRADE Acontrarian claim
Evidence became a thread you could follow.
Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.
RANK 7GRADE Aranked reveal
Nice crossed from ignorance to approval.
Latin nescius “ignorant” became foolish or wanton, then fastidious and precise, and finally pleasant or kind.
RANK 8GRADE Acontrarian claim
Etymology calls itself the “true account.”
Greek ἔτυμος “true, real” joined -λογία “account or study”; even that truth-word reaches a reconstructed root.
RANK 9GRADE Acontrarian claim
The most repeated origin story is not the most rigorous answer.
Mapuche ancestry is a serious, evidenced proposal—but current RAE and a historical Spanish argument keep the deeper source genuinely open.
RANK 10GRADE Aranked reveal
Andean neighbors need not be linguistic cousins.
Alpaca comes from Aymara while llama comes from Quechua: the words travel through Spanish from different families.
RANK 11GRADE Aranked reveal
It was never humanity’s universal ancient name for spiritual practitioners.
English globalized a specific Evenki term through European scholarship and applied it to many unrelated traditions.
RANK 12GRADE Acontrarian claim
A Turkish word is not proof of who invented the food.
English yogurt is Turkish yoğurt, probably related to yoğur- “knead”; the origin of fermented milk is a different historical question.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
scholarly essay75 CLAIM LINKS
The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded
Anatoly Liberman / 2018
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗journal article27 CLAIM LINKS
The Indo-European Origin of Latin lex
Elwira Kaczyńska / 2013
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗monograph13 CLAIM LINKS
The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
J. P. Mallory & D. Q. Adams / 2006
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗manuscript catalog7 CLAIM LINKS
The history of Codex argenteus
Uppsala University Library / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly monograph6 CLAIM LINKS
The Lemmatisation of Old English Weak Verbs on a Relational Database
Marta Tío Sáenz / 2019
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗peer reviewed chapter5 CLAIM LINKS
The Etymology of Finnish sauna “Sauna”
Petri Kallio / 2008
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗academic thesis5 CLAIM LINKS
The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verb
Christopher Gordon Bailey / 1997
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly book4 CLAIM LINKS
The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination
Andrei A. Znamenski / 2007
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗editorial reference4 CLAIM LINKS
The Original Definition of Decimate
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article3 CLAIM LINKS
The Boomerang
Frederick D. McCarthy / 1961
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗monograph3 CLAIM LINKS
The English Language: A Historical Introduction, second edition
Charles Barber · Joan C. Beal · Philip A. Shaw / 2009
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗editorial reference3 CLAIM LINKS
The Word Origins of Algebra, Calculus, and Other Math Terms
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2017
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints DESASTRE as a headword and defines it as a disastrous accident or misfortune.
désastre / disaster / 1694
Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 1 (A–L), première éditionwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints HOSTEL as a headword in the historical French family later normalized as hôtel.
hôtel / hotel / 1694
Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 1 (A–L), première éditionwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The PESTE entry in the first edition of the Académie française dictionary uses quarantaine for imposed isolation after travel from a place suspected of plague.
quarantaine / quarantine / 1694
Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 2 (M–Z), première éditionwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints SINCERE as a headword and opens with the senses true and frank.
sincère / sincere / 1694
Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 2 (M–Z), première éditionwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The e-rara object record and searchable scan locate John Harris's dictionary definition of algorithm.
algorithm / algorithm / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.
calculate / calculate / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The SYSTEM entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Science for an organized branch of knowledge when defining a system of philosophy.
science / science / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The PAPER-OFFICE entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum includes Letters of Intelligence among official papers communicated to the King’s Council.
intelligence / intelligence / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The photographed English title page prints the plural headword in “Rossum's Universal Robots.”
robot / robot / 1923
R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots): A Fantastic Melodramawitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
The Devil’s snare
fiend / fiend / circa 1405, composed circa 1390
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026witness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
the old enemy as the Devil
fjende / fjende / historical religious use; source-reported
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjendewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Thucydides, contracting a daughter's marriage
κῆδος / κῆδος / Classical Greek historiography, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.