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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Sla”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
SLAEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Abbreviations.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024018
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Middle Irish nouncontrarian claim
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-III weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatan
A Gothic weak verb conventionally glossed hate, represented by exactly two currently reported corpus tokens: hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. Both are present participles; no surviving token writes the normalized infinitive. Their translation behavior defeats a one-word gloss: Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating, while Luke 6 uses hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hating. Project Wulfila keeps class-III hatan separate from class-I hatjan, Braune calls the forms conjugational fluctuation, Orel publishes a reconstructed class-III alternation, and Sturtevant argues that the hatan shape may instead be a specifically Gothic secondary formation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
hate
An inherited Germanic hostility word whose English noun and verb histories converge imperfectly: Old English preserves both hete and hatian, Middle English may have remodeled the noun from the verb, and the proposed deeper Indo-European family remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Frisian weak verbdossier summary
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic neuter nouncontrarian claim
hatis
A Gothic noun conventionally glossed hate, hatred, anger, or wrath. Project Wulfila reports fifteen corpus tokens in three surface forms: hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Its fourteen biblical tokens translate Greek wrath vocabulary rather than supplying a clean mirror of modern personal dislike: Streitberg maps the family chiefly to orgē, assigns Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and leaves Ephesians 4:31 unresolved because both Greek nouns stand together. The visible Gothic paradigm is also historical evidence: Project Wulfila treats hatis as a neuter a-stem, while Fulk analyzes it as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem noundossier summary
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
legislation
The making of laws or laws collectively; from French and Late Latin legislatio, a law-proposing or law-bearing formation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
robot
A programmable or autonomous machine, named in English through Karel Čapek's R.U.R. from Czech robota, compulsory labor.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗024
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Slavic / Indo-European
*orbota
work; hard or obligatory labor
- DATE
- Proto-Slavic prehistory
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
legislation
the making of laws, laws collectively, or business before a legislative body
- DATE
- 1606–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
French / Indo-European
législation
law-making authority, action, or body of laws
- DATE
- French, 14th century onward
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
lēgislātiō, lēgislātiōnem
proposal or bearing of a law; later a body of laws
- DATE
- Medieval and Late Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0321
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Does the Éigse line certainly use cais once for love and once for hatred?
Not certainly. eDIL tentatively translates "mo chais is cais 'na agaid" as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)" and prints a question mark on the second reading.
openprobableposition text
How broadly distributed is *ghos-ti-?
The reconstruction is supported by Germanic, Italic, and Slavic evidence but is limited to a western set of Indo-European branches.
openprobableposition text
Could poetic hata mean damage or destroy?
Probably. Zoëga states damage or destroy; Fritzner supplies poetic examples under damage, spoil, or destroy; the poetic concordance translates records with damage and destruction.
openprobableposition text
Does Galatians 5:20 prove hatis always meant explosive anger?
No single verse can establish an invariant meaning. Galatians aligns plural hatiza with Greek thumoi, while other biblical contexts use orgē and Ephesians 4:31 does not permit a clean one-to-one choice. The exact semantic center of ordinary Gothic remains underdetermined by translation texts.
openestablishedposition text
Is John 7:23 the first Gothic use of the verb?
Not established. The translation belongs to a fourth-century tradition, the surviving codex is early sixth century, and no complete lost-text or spoken-language archive exists.
openproposedposition text
What did Proto-Germanic *kuninga- originally designate?
The kin-base derivation is secure in the reviewed sources, but its exact social interpretation is not. EWA gives a member of a noble lineage; Meli proposes one who brings distinction to his lineage. “Leader of the kin” is not a neutral translation of either analysis.
openprobableposition text
When does the reviewed English record for legislation begin?
The references disagree. Merriam-Webster reports 1606; Etymonline gives the 1650s, while CNRTL cites NED for before 1655. The earliest reviewed year remains source-reported rather than object-verified.
openproposedposition text
Does Latin lēx securely descend from the gather root *leǵ-?
Not securely. A collection-of-rules bridge is plausible and published, but the direction, root shape, and precise cognates remain disputed.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Why does the twelfth month mean tenth?
The Latin name belongs to an early Roman year beginning in March, when December occupied the tenth position. Calendar reform changed the position while the name persisted.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did cais mean only hatred?
No. eDIL explicitly says the noun is explained both as love and hate, gives love glosses such as serc and grádh, and cites passages translated with love or beloved.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did cais mean only love?
No. eDIL also gives miscais and mioscais hatred glosses and cites passages translated with hatred.
resolvedprobableposition text
Can context assign a reading in every cited passage?
Context can support many readings, as eDIL's translations show, but the entry expressly says texts may be capable of either meaning according to context and some records remain un-translated or tentative.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 9
RANK 13GRADE Acontrarian claim
Legislation came before legislate.
The noun preserves a Latin law-bearing or law-proposing compound. English legislate was later back-formed from the already existing noun family.
RANK 29GRADE Aranked reveal
One Gothic hate verb survives once—in a command to do good to those who hate you.
Project Wulfila’s only verified hatjan token is hatjandam in Matthew 5:44, directly visible on Codex Argenteus folio 3v. A parallel “love your enemies” command in Luke 6:27 instead uses hatandans from class-III hatan. The translation gloss “hate” therefore hides a genuine grammatical and historical dispute.
RANK 31GRADE Aranked reveal
Gothic’s two hate verbs trade places across two passages.
The complete surviving hatan corpus contains only hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. In Luke 1, fijandam supplies enemies while hatandane supplies those hating; in Luke 6, hatandans supplies enemies while fijandam supplies those hating. Both Codex Argenteus pages are directly inspected. The lexical swap—and the class-III versus class-I dispute—cannot be represented by one timeless translation arrow.
RANK 44GRADE Aranked reveal
One corpus hit written hatia is not the hate verb at all.
The May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search returns six records under word or lemma hatia, but spelling alone creates a trap. In Brokmer B 101, Buma explicitly identifies hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h; Nijdam's translation confirms a poor mother unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant records then reveal the genuine verb's own range: harm or hindrance on an army road, legal adversity, and God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The contrarian truth is therefore philological twice over: one identical surface belongs elsewhere, while the inherited verb itself extends beyond private feeling.
RANK 49GRADE Aranked reveal
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
RANK 98GRADE Aranked reveal
The ad- in adverb is not add.
Latin adverbium joins directional ad- with verbum “word” and translates Greek epirrhema. The modern class can modify far more than verbs.
RANK 137GRADE A-ranked reveal
Middle Irish cais could mean love or hate—and a separate cais meant eye.
eDIL's first numbered cais headword is explicitly explained as both love and hate. Its glossary evidence equates the form with serc and grádh on the love side and miscais or mioscais on the hatred side; cited passages likewise cross the divide. Most strikingly, one Éigse line is tentatively translated "my love ... is met by hatred(?)", placing the same visible form on both sides while preserving the editor's question mark. Then eDIL's second numbered cais headword breaks the spell entirely: it means eye. The unveiling is not that love and hate were secretly identical. It is that written identity, lexicographic grouping, contextual meaning, and historical ancestry are four different claims.
RANK 181GRADE A-ranked reveal
The king is not securely dead.
The familiar “shāh māt = the king died” translation matches Arabic morphology, but the better-supported historical analysis treats māt as a Persian loan meaning helpless, broken, or at a loss.
RANK 205GRADE B+ranked reveal
Its morphology is not a sentence.
Ubuntu is analyzed as an abstract-noun formation on the human stem -ntu. “I am because we are” is a philosophical gloss, not a literal morpheme-by-morpheme translation.
0411
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical grammar15 CLAIM LINKS
A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan
Wilhelm Braune · translated and edited by Gerhard H. Balg / 1895
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Legislation — Origin and history
Douglas Harper / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
CNRTL / TLFi: législation — Étymologie et histoire
Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Legislator — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language — hetzen
Friedrich Kluge · translated by John Francis Davis / 1891
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Legislation — Definition and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗conference paper5 CLAIM LINKS
Türkçe Sözlüklerde Çok Anlamlı Sözlük Birimlerindeki Art Zamanlı Anlam Değişme Olayları ve “Çay” Örneği
Erdoğan Boz / 2012
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized scholarly edition3 CLAIM LINKS
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353
Henry Sweet, editor and translator / 1871
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗dissertation3 CLAIM LINKS
Lichaam, eer en recht in middeleeuws Friesland
J. A. Nijdam / 2008
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record3 CLAIM LINKS
ONP citation — hata in Diplomatarium Islandicum VI 242
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Jón Þorkelsson edition / 2023
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source1 CLAIM LINKS
R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots): A Fantastic Melodrama
Karel Čapek; translated by Paul Selver / 1923
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗058
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A tide passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses check as a verb meaning restrain or impede.
check / check / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Orosius translation, Hannibal as no friend of the Romans
frēond / frēond / early Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
John Trevisa’s translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus as indexed by the Middle English Dictionary
-logie / -logy / before 1398 source-reported Middle English quotation
Middle English Dictionary: etimologie n.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Skriptamál Ólafar Loftsdóttur
hata / hata / document dated 1479; surviving JS 308 copy c1750
ONP citation — hata in Diplomatarium Islandicum VI 242reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
legislation / legislation / 1606
Legislation — Definition and First Known Usewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Hobbes translation of Aristotle, explicit love definition
friend / friend / before 1637, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
King Alfred's translation of Augustine, degrees of friendship
frēond / friend / late Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Gospel translation, friend of publicans and sinners
frēond / frēond / Old English, source-reported
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freóndreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.