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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “C-”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
C-English (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Clipping of Chinese.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗c-English (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- Proto-Indo-European *grebʰ-der. Proto-Indo-European *grébʰ-ōn ~ *grbʰ-n-ōs Proto-Germanic *krebô Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ Proto-West Germanic *kribbjā Old English cribb Middle English crib English crib English Crip English c- From Crip.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024013
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
chai
In current English, a South Asian-style tea commonly prepared with milk and spices; the word belongs to the overland cha/chay transmission family ultimately derived from Chinese 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounhistorical form
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounhistorical form
checkmate
An inescapable chess defeat and, figuratively, complete thwarting; a compound transmitted through French, Arabic, and Persian chess language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗022
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0311
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 10
openprobableposition text
Which Turkic language directly supplied Russian чай?
Vasmer lists several Turkic comparanda and routes but does not reduce them to one uniquely established immediate donor.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is English fiend descended from Gothic fijands?
No. English fiend continues Old English fēond; Gothic fijands is a collateral Germanic cousin. Both meet at reconstructed *fi(j)and-.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is English fiend descended from Gothic fijands?
No. English fiend continues Old English feónd; Gothic fijands is a collateral Germanic cousin from the same reconstructed formation, not the donor of the English word.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is English fiend descended from Gothic fijands?
No. English fiend continues Old English fēond; Gothic fijands is a collateral Germanic cousin. Both meet at the reconstructed *fi(j)and- formation.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did husband originally mean only a married man?
No. The earlier center was householder or master of a house; household and spouse senses overlapped before the modern specialization.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Tupi jawára already mean only Panthera onca?
The cited Tupi gloss is broader: large carnivore. European languages specialized the borrowed name as the jaguar species label.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does verbal historically mean only spoken rather than written?
No. The oldest structural center is Latin verbum plus -alis, of or relating to words; the spoken contrast is one later English sense among several.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did κῆδος itself mean Germanic-style hate?
Not in the reviewed Greek lexical record. Its central cited meanings concern care, grief, trouble, mourning, funeral obligation, and affinity.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Ionic-Attic η beside Doric ā prove the whole Indo-European route?
No. The dialectal vowel pattern supports Greek-internal history, but it does not by itself establish the proposed root, suffix, or non-Greek cognates.
resolvedprobableposition text
Is Russian чай simply a direct Chinese loan?
No secure one-hop event is established. Vasmer’s etymology routes the word through Turkic-speaking networks before reaching Chinese ch’a.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 177GRADE Aranked reveal
Quarantine is literally a period of forty.
The public-health sense preserves Italian quaranta: forty.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
etymological dictionary80 CLAIM LINKS
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanan
Vladimir Orel / 2003
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research monograph38 CLAIM LINKS
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-
John T. Koch / 2020
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary21 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar15 CLAIM LINKS
A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan
Wilhelm Braune · translated and edited by Gerhard H. Balg / 1895
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjá
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly grammar13 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Online, Lesson 8 — hatis and denominative hatizōn
Todd B. Krause · Jonathan Slocum / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗comparative database12 CLAIM LINKS
Proto-Germanic *xatiz, *xatōn-, -ēn- and *xatjan-
StarLing database editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar11 CLAIM LINKS
Grammar of the Gothic Language — glossary entries hatan, hatis, hatizōn, and hatjan
Joseph Wright / 1910
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hata
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly lexicon9 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Lexicon: mūs-
University of Texas Linguistics Research Center / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.