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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL5 source sections across 2 headwords matching “D”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
DEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Old English D, a 7th century replacement by Latin upper case letter D of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᛞ (d, “daeg”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗DEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From the shape of the upper case letter "D".
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗DEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From the position (4) of the letter D in the English alphabet.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗dEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From the Old English lower case letter d, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case d of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᛞ.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗dEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Abbreviations. * (British penny; old penny): abbreviation of Latin denarii, the name of the corresponding Roman coin. * (dice): abbreviation of dice d # Abbreviation of died or death. #: William Shakespeare, d 1616
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounheadword prefix
December
The twelfth month in the modern calendar; its inherited Latin name literally identifies it as the tenth month.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectiveheadword prefix
dairy
Milk, milk products, or a place and enterprise devoted to them; historically built on the occupational word for a woman managing milk and food production.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · nounheadword prefix
decimal
Based on ten or tenths; borrowed through French and Medieval Latin from the Latin family of decem, “ten.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbheadword prefix
decimate
To destroy or reduce drastically; borrowed from a Latin verb built on “tenth” and first used in English for killing every tenth member of a group.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbheadword prefix
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
dime
The United States ten-cent coin, named with an older English and French word for a tenth part or tithe.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb and adjectiveheadword prefix
direct
To guide, aim, command, or proceed without deviation or intermediary; continuing Latin dīrēctus and dīrigere through distinct medieval channels.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
disaster
A catastrophe whose name preserves an astrological model of misfortune: an unfavorable star.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
dough
A kneadable flour mixture; inherited from Old English dāg through a Germanic formation on the Indo-European form-and-build root.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical-form prefix
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical-form prefix
bridegroom
A man about to be or recently married; remodeled from bridegome after the older man-word gome became opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical-form prefix
chai
In current English, a South Asian-style tea commonly prepared with milk and spices; the word belongs to the overland cha/chay transmission family ultimately derived from Chinese 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghm̥-on-
earthling; human being
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero-grade formation
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghom-o-
earth; ground
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed o-grade formation
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 4
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghom-on-
earthling; human being
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed formation
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*daiga-
dough; kneaded mass
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic stem
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*daigaz
dough
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*daigjōn-
female baker or servant
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dekm̥
ten
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*deru-
*deru- / *dreu-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European horizon
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 7
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dh(e)ghom-
earth
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European o-grade form
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dheh₁(i)-
to suck
- DATE
- oldest Proto-Indo-European form
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dheigh-
to form; build
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European centum form
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dheig̑h-
to form; build
- DATE
- oldest Proto-Indo-European form
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 5
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableword prefix
Did English receive December through Old English or French?
The reviewed source allows either Old English or Anglo-French transmission from Latin and does not choose between them.
openproposedword prefix
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant and cautions against a simple semantic tale.
openprobableword prefix
Exactly which Romance language handed the word to English?
French and Italian stages are both central in reference accounts; a single linear donor route can overstate the surviving evidence.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Why does the twelfth month mean tenth?
The Latin name belongs to an early Roman year beginning in March, when December occupied the tenth position. Calendar reform changed the position while the name persisted.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Did dairy originally name milk as a substance?
No. The earliest reviewed route names a milk-production place built on the woman responsible for the work.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Are *daigjōn-, *daiga-, and dough *daigaz one interchangeable reconstructed word?
No. They are related formation, stem, and noun shapes with different grammatical and lexical roles.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Is decimal named after the decimal point?
No. The adjective and noun come from the Latin tenth/ten family; the visible point is part of later notation, not the word’s ancestor.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Did the decimal noun and adjective enter together?
Merriam-Webster reports the adjective in 1608 and the noun in 1623. These are lexicographic first-use reports, not inspected objects.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Must decimate mean only kill one in ten?
No. That was its earliest English historical sense, but drastic reduction and destruction have been established since the seventeenth century.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Is the Roman tenth-member story invented?
No. The Latin and historical punishment sense is real; the error is using etymology to ban later English meanings.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Does dialogue etymologically require exactly two speakers?
No. Greek dia- means through, across, or between, not two; both reviewed histories explicitly reject or contradict the two-person restriction.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Was dime invented as a coin name in 1786?
The coin sense is reported from 1786, but the word itself already existed in Middle English and Anglo-French for a tenth part or tithe.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 71GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Dialogue never meant “speech limited to two.”
Greek dia- means through, across, or between. Confusing it with the numeral prefix di- produced a durable but false restriction.
RANK 93GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Decimal is named for tenths, not the point.
The word runs through the tenth-part family to Latin decem “ten.” The decimal point is a notation used by decimals, not the ancestor that named them.
RANK 109GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Direct is a straight-line word before it is an immediacy word.
Latin dīrigere combines dī-/dis- with regere, to guide or lead straight; its participle dīrēctus supplies the straightened form behind English.
RANK 127GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Dough and lady are deep cousins.
Germanic *daigaz, dough, and *dīg-, the kneading branch inside lady, meet at *dheigh-, to form or build.
RANK 132GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Dairy begins with a woman, then a baker, then dough.
The milk-production place is formed on deie, a woman managing milk, continuing Old English dǣge, female baker or servant, in the dough and shaping family.
RANK 139GRADE Aranked-word prefix
The twelfth month literally means tenth.
The name preserves a Roman year that began in March. The calendar position moved; the inherited Latin name did not.
RANK 140GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A dime is literally a tenth.
The coin name reuses a medieval tenth-part word from Anglo-French and Latin decima. It sits in the same deep numeral family as decimal, decimate, December, and inherited English ten.
RANK 157GRADE Aranked-word prefix
The one-in-ten origin is real—and the usage scold is still wrong.
English began with the tenth-member punishment sense, then broadened the word within decades. Etymology records change; it does not veto it.
RANK 213GRADE A−ranked-word prefix
A disaster was once a “bad star.”
Italian disastro joins a negative prefix to the word for star.
RANK 1GRADE Acontrarian claim
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 2GRADE Acontrarian claim
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 3GRADE Acontrarian claim
Robot named forced labor before machinery.
The machine word begins in Czech robota: compulsory labor, corvée, or drudgery.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary32 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassen
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · DWDS editorial team / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary29 CLAIM LINKS
DWDS — Feind, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer
Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary29 CLAIM LINKS
DWDS — Hass, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer
Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗contemporary dictionary27 CLAIM LINKS
Den Danske Ordbog — fjende
Den Danske Ordbogs redaktion
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗contemporary dictionary26 CLAIM LINKS
Duden — hassen
Dudenredaktion / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary23 CLAIM LINKS
DWDS — Freund, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer
Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional lexicon20 CLAIM LINKS
hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft
Dudenredaktion
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary19 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · Trier Center for Digital Humanities / 2025
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary16 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm / 1878
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary16 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hasz, m.
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · DWDS editorial team / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗contemporary dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
Duden — Feind
Dudenredaktion / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗contemporary dictionary11 CLAIM LINKS
Duden — Hass
Dudenredaktion / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints DESASTRE as a headword and defines it as a disastrous accident or misfortune.
désastre / disaster / 1694
Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 1 (A–L), première éditionattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints DECIMAL in the head phrase DECIMAL Fraction and begins its mathematical definition.
decimal / decimal / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A bibliographic note in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum names December while pointing readers to the December 1682 Acta Eruditorum.
December / December / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use report for December
December / December / before the 12th century
December — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
dairy / dairy / 14th century first known use
Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexical record
disaster / disaster / 1567
Disaster — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for decimal as an adjective
decimal / decimal / 1608
Decimal — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for decimate
decimate / decimate / 1660
Decimate — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for dime
dime / dime / First known coin use reported as 1786
Dime — Definition and Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
dialogue / dialogue / 13th century
Dialogue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for direct
direct / direct / 14th century
Direct — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for dough
dough / dough / before the 12th century
Dough — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.