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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “rea” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Lewis’s Elementary Latin Dictionary
1890 American Book Company edition; pinned Perseus XML digitizationrea
This word is outside the curated dossier collection. Here is the dictionary’s etymology, with its language and revision preserved. These claims have not yet passed *SET-U’s graph review.
From Old Irish reithe ( “ ram ” ) .
From Old Irish réid ( “ level, smooth ” ) , from Proto-Celtic * reidis .
Clipping of realisation .
Clipping of realisera .
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounheadword prefix
realm
A kingdom, domain, or sphere; inherited through Middle English realme and Old French material ultimately from Latin regimen.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
avocado
An English reshaping of Spanish aguacate from Nahuatl āhuacatl, a word documented with both avocado and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
boy
A male child or young man; Middle English also used the word for a male servant or churl, and its origin remains disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish nouncontrarian claim
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
calculus
A mathematical system, a method of reasoning, or a bodily stone; borrowed from a Latin word for a pebble used in counting.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · noundossier summary
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nouncontrarian claim
checkmate
An inescapable chess defeat and, figuratively, complete thwarting; a compound transmitted through French, Arabic, and Persian chess language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
chá
The Portuguese word for tea, a European cha-type form associated with sixteenth-century Portuguese contact through Macao rather than the Dutch te-type route.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
clew
A ball of thread, a nautical corner or line, and the older spelling behind clue.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
realm
kingdom, domain, or sphere
- DATE
- 13th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
realme
kingdom, governed domain
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle Chinese (reconstructed reading) / Sino-Tibetan
*drae
tea; name of a plant
- DATE
- Middle Chinese reconstruction
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*hatōjan-
to hate or treat with enmity
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*hlaibaz
loaf of bread
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*hwōtja-
hostile or threatening
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic adjective reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*hwōtō
threat or reprimand
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic related noun reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*h₃órbʰos
person or property transferred; bereaved person, orphan, or dependent
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*set-eu-o-
having or containing true order; real
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European adjectival formation, proposed
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*set-u-
true; real; in true order
- DATE
- prehistoric
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 12
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*setu-mo-
true, real
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European formation, proposed
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 7
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*stéu-gho-
real; certain
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European Armenian preform, proposed
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Is realm simply a shortened form of royal?
No. Realm descends through a government noun from Latin regimen, but its medieval form was altered under the influence of the royal adjective.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Did realm always mean any abstract sphere?
No. Its oldest reported English horizon is kingdom; sphere, domain, and biogeographic meanings are extensions.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact lexicalization date of the loving participle be known?
No. The formation predates the daughter-language records and is already nominal in the earliest High German evidence.
openboundaryposition text
Can aguacate be securely pushed deeper than āhuacatl?
Not from the reviewed sources. The institutional dictionaries reach the Nahuatl word and its historical witnesses but do not establish a deeper lexical ancestor.
openprobableposition text
Did English algorism arrive through French or directly from Medieval Latin?
The sources preserve both channels. Merriam-Webster names Middle French and Medieval Latin; Etymonline emphasizes Old French from Medieval Latin.
openproposedposition text
Does the Éigse line certainly use cais once for love and once for hatred?
Not certainly. eDIL tentatively translates "mo chais is cais 'na agaid" as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)" and prints a question mark on the second reading.
openproposedposition text
Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?
eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.
openprobableposition text
Did candidates claim moral purity?
The whitened toga is historical and lexical. Reading it as a guaranteed moral-purity claim goes beyond what the word formation alone proves.
openproposedposition text
Was fijands still transparently one who hates to Gothic speakers?
The formal relationship was available because the verb and productive participle survived, but inherited lexicalization means ordinary noun use need not have been compositionally reanalyzed on every occasion.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact moment when a loving one became the noun friend be dated?
No. The formation predates the daughter-language records, while lexicalization is inferred from already-established nouns in those languages.
openprobableposition text
Does sem frændr en eigi sem fiandr prove the ordinary friend sense?
ONP files the phrase under friend but flags possible kin sense 3; Cleasby–Vigfússon treats it as a possible alliterative exception. The citation does not force one clean answer.
openprobableposition text
Is Habakkuk-gloss dfiunt a secure Devil token?
No. AWB says the d likely begins diuuil and treats dfiunt as probably corrupt; the Epinal form dfiant does not remove the uncertainty.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 107GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Royal reshaped realm.
Realm follows Latin regimen, government, through Old French reiame; American Heritage reports that its medieval form was altered under the influence of Old French reial, royal.
RANK 1GRADE Aranked reveal
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 5GRADE Aranked reveal
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 6GRADE Acontrarian claim
Evidence became a thread you could follow.
Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.
RANK 8GRADE Aranked reveal
Etymology calls itself the “true account.”
Greek ἔτυμος “true, real” joined -λογία “account or study”; even that truth-word reaches a reconstructed root.
RANK 13GRADE Aranked reveal
Legislation came before legislate.
The noun preserves a Latin law-bearing or law-proposing compound. English legislate was later back-formed from the already existing noun family.
RANK 15GRADE Aranked reveal
The modern stigma of Weib is not the timeless nature of wīb.
Duden marks modern Weib increasingly discriminatory, while Old High German records preserve wīb in old-woman and wife expressions; the deeper origin remains unresolved.
RANK 17GRADE Aranked reveal
-logy never simply meant “the study of.”
The bound form’s recorded range includes expression and discourse as well as doctrine, theory, science, and study. Its trail reaches Greek logos—word, speech, account, reckoning, reason—rather than a prehistoric word meaning “science.”
RANK 21GRADE Aranked reveal
King comes from the kin family; kin does not come from king.
English kin independently continues Old English cynn and Germanic *kunja-. The royal title is a separate suffixed formation on that lineage base, so the shared letters preserve real morphology without making either modern word the parent of the other.
RANK 23GRADE Aranked reveal
The d in kindred is an intruder—and kind is not in the word.
Kindred is kin plus a fossilized native element meaning a condition or state. One branch reaches the birth root; the other reaches a fit-together root. The modern d arrived between n and r after the compound already existed.
RANK 25GRADE Aranked reveal
Hate was enemy-directed action as well as feeling in Old English.
Old English hatian could mean treating as an enemy, persecuting, or injuring; Beowulf puts the verb beside hostile deeds. The deeper claim that pursuit was the first meaning remains open, and the graph says so.
RANK 33GRADE Aranked reveal
Enemy is a fossilized hater—but lexicalization does not make every token transparent.
Project Wulfila lists 26 candidates under the Gothic enemy noun and 42 under the verb fijan; exactly 21 surface tokens belong to both inventories. Ayora Estevan explains why: Proto-Germanic had already lexicalized one who hates as enemy, while Gothic retained the productive participle. The five noun-only tokens are directly inspected; the 21-token overlap remains public instead of being counted twice as certainty.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Realm — American Heritage Dictionary
American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Realm — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar15 CLAIM LINKS
A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan
Wilhelm Braune · translated and edited by Gerhard H. Balg / 1895
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital scholarly edition10 CLAIM LINKS
Archivum Gothicum: Edition of the Gothic Sources, Volume 1
Carla Falluomini · Pierandrea Gottardi / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Aguacate — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española · Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española / 2024
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital scholarly edition9 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand Cgm 25 transcription after Schmeller 1830 with Sievers 1878 verse numbering
Johann Andreas Schmeller · Eduard Sievers · Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe / 1830
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Poncho — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Hamaca — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española · Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española / 2024
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Llama — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
Alpaca — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized scholarly edition3 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Reader — The Phœnix
James W. Bright, editor / 1913
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗official lexicon3 CLAIM LINKS
김치 — Korean Basic Dictionary
National Institute of Korean Language / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0510
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for realm
realm / realm / 13th century
Realm — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum cites a Lecture by Nehemiah Grew about varieties of taste read before the Royal Society.
lecture / lecture / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A bibliographic note in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum names December while pointing readers to the December 1682 Acta Eruditorum.
December / December / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Dream of the Rood, human enemies
fēond / fēond / Old English, source-reported
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feóndreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Malevolent creatures or monsters
fiend / fiend / circa 1275, possibly composed before 1200
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Anonymous, Fourth Grammatical Treatise verse 8
hata / hata / poem attributed 1335; concordance date unreviewed
Lexicon Poeticum — hata, verbreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
television figurative-threat use
fjende / fjende / modern example dated 1992 by source
Den Danske Ordbog — fjendereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
legible / legible / 15th century
Legible — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Old English reader occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hete / hete / Old English prose record
HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Onlinereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Bright’s edited Phoenix, preserved in the Exeter Book
hettan / hettan / Old English Phoenix record
An Anglo-Saxon Reader — The Phœnixreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.