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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “In”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
inEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
PIE word *h₁en Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in. Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai. Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗inEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
PIE word *h₁en Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in. Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai. Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024- InMiddle English · word_in_sb
In, sb. dwelling, lodging, abode, S, S3, C2, C3; hin, S; ynne, S3; inne, dat., S.—AS. inn.
Read the full source record → - InMiddle English · word_in_prep
In, prep. in, into, on, S, S2, PP; hin, S; I, S, SD. Comb.: in-fere, together, MD (p. 104), C3, S2, S3; yfere, S2, S3, C2; in feere, G; iuere, S; iferen, S; i-whils, while, H; ywhils, H; ewhils, H; in-like, in like manne
Read the full source record →
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounheadword prefix
intellect
The power or capacity of knowing and reasoning, inherited from Latin intellectus and intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
intelligence
Capacity for understanding, information, or the organizations that gather it; inherited through French from Latin intelligentia.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectiveheadword prefix
intelligent
Having or showing understanding, judgment, or mental capacity; borrowed from the Latin participle of intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun combining formcontrarian claim
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗onomastic compound elementcontrarian claim
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
December
The twelfth month in the modern calendar; its inherited Latin name literally identifies it as the tenth month.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
Liebe
The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
adverb
A grammatical class commonly modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences; the English term continues Latin adverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*-inga- / *-unga-
person associated with or belonging to a lineage
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Present-Day English / Indo-European
intellect
the power or capacity of knowing, reasoning, or understanding
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
intellecte
perception or understanding
- DATE
- Old French, c. 800–1400
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
intellectus
perception, discernment, or understanding
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
intellegere / intelligere
to understand, perceive, discern
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Present-Day English / Indo-European
intelligence
capacity to understand; information; an information service
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
French / Indo-European
intelligence
understanding; knowledge
- DATE
- Middle French
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
intelligent
having or showing understanding, judgment, or mental capacity; later also computer-guided
- DATE
- circa 1540–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
intelligentia
understanding, discernment
- DATE
- Latin antiquity / Late Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
intelligēns
understanding, discerning
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghm̥-on-
earthling; human being
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero-grade formation
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*(dh)ghom-o-
earth; ground
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed o-grade formation
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 4
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableword prefix
Did intellect enter English through French or directly from Latin?
Both routes are published. American Heritage specifies Old French intellecte; Merriam-Webster permits Middle French or Latin. The displayed French route is probable, not exclusive.
openprobableword prefix
Does intelligence literally mean “choosing between”?
The Latin form is traditionally analyzed through inter- and legere, and selection or discernment informs the semantic history. A literal gloss is not a complete account of cognition.
openproposedword prefix
Is *leǵ- the only published root shape behind intelligent?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains probable, while *sleǵ- is a published alternative. Neither reconstructed shape is treated as an attested word.
resolvedprobableword prefix
Does intellect literally mean “choosing between”?
The morphology of intellegere is traditionally analyzed through inter- and legere, and selection informs the semantic history. That slogan is not a complete theory of cognition.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
How did intelligence become secret information?
The word already meant understanding and knowledge; news and strategic information developed from that information sense, later naming the services that gather it.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Was English intelligent formed from English intelligence?
No. The adjective is borrowed from Latin intelligent-, intelligens; the English noun intelligence follows its own abstract-noun transmission through French and Latin intelligentia.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather or collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openprobableposition text
Did -rīx mean exactly “king” in every compound name?
Not necessarily. The king or prince value is secure for the element, but scholarship distinguishes names where it is determinative from analyses in which it is semantically bleached or intensifying. Each host therefore requires its own compositional claim.
openprobableposition text
Did English receive December through Old English or French?
The reviewed source allows either Old English or Anglo-French transmission from Latin and does not choose between them.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact phonetic shape of *fi(j)and- directly known?
No. The form is a comparative reconstruction. Optional j notation, branch vowels, and the relation of written historical variants require analysis rather than direct Proto-Germanic observation.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openprobableposition text
Can the lexicalization of one who hates as enemy be dated to one exact event?
No unique event is known. Cross-branch evidence places it before the recorded daughter languages, but no text records the prehistoric lexicalization moment.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 165GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Intelligent did not descend from English intelligence.
English intelligent is borrowed from a Latin present participle. Intelligence follows a sibling French and Latin abstract-noun route; the words meet deeper than modern English.
RANK 209GRADE A−ranked-word prefix
Intellect belongs to the gather-and-select family.
Latin morphology connects understanding with inter- and legere, the gather, select, and read family—but the historical pieces are not a complete theory of cognition.
RANK 214GRADE A−ranked-word prefix
Intelligence belongs to the gather-and-select family.
Latin morphology links discernment to inter- plus legere—but the root is not a theory of mind.
RANK 1GRADE Aranked reveal
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 3GRADE Acontrarian claim
Robot named forced labor before machinery.
The machine word begins in Czech robota: compulsory labor, corvée, or drudgery.
RANK 4GRADE Aranked reveal
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 5GRADE Acontrarian claim
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 6GRADE Aranked reveal
Evidence became a thread you could follow.
Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.
RANK 7GRADE Aranked reveal
Nice crossed from ignorance to approval.
Latin nescius “ignorant” became foolish or wanton, then fastidious and precise, and finally pleasant or kind.
RANK 8GRADE Aranked reveal
Etymology calls itself the “true account.”
Greek ἔτυμος “true, real” joined -λογία “account or study”; even that truth-word reaches a reconstructed root.
RANK 9GRADE Acontrarian claim
The most repeated origin story is not the most rigorous answer.
Mapuche ancestry is a serious, evidenced proposal—but current RAE and a historical Spanish argument keep the deeper source genuinely open.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
institutional lexicon5 CLAIM LINKS
Chá — Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa
Porto Editora Editors / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference72 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root reg-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference60 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root: dhghem-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference48 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root: dheigh-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference43 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root deru-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference37 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root genə-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference33 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root ghos-ti-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference25 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root dekm̥
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database24 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Lexicon — k̑ād- : k̑ədes- : k̑əd-s- and its reflexes
Linguistics Research Center editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database20 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Lexicon: *leg-
Linguistics Research Center
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference18 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root mūs-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference17 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root wer-5
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The PAPER-OFFICE entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum includes Letters of Intelligence among official papers communicated to the King’s Council.
intelligence / intelligence / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Middle English lexical record
intelligence / intelligence / 14th century
Intelligence — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
intelligent / intelligent / circa 1540
Intelligent — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for intellect
intellect / intellect / 14th century
Intellect — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Mark 1:11
liufs / liufs / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 276 — folio 57v, Mark 1:6–13witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 3:7
hatis / hatis / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 157 — folio 129r, Luke 3:5–9witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
hatan / hatan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, John 12:25
fijan / fijan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 96 — folio 76v, John 12:19–25witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
fijan / fijan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 5:43
fijands / fijands / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 6 — folio 3v, Matthew 5:42–47witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Matthew 10:36
fijands / fijands / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 31 — folio 27r, Matthew 10:34–40witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:74
fijands / fijands / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.