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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Gre” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024Gre
No extractable etymology was found for this exact spelling. Open the original dictionary entry ↗
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
December
The twelfth month in the modern calendar; its inherited Latin name literally identifies it as the tenth month.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
algebra
A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
algorism
The older English word for calculation with Hindu-Arabic numerals, transmitted through French and Medieval Latin from the name al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivecontrarian claim
arithmetic
The art or practice of counting and calculation; transmitted from Greek arithmos “number” through Latin and French.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish nounhistorical form
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
chthonic
Of the underworld or of things in and under the earth; a learned English continuation of the Greek earth family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
etymology
The study of the true or original sense of a word—and of the changes that made it what it is.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗English nouncontrarian claim
fiend
An inherited English noun whose earliest recorded sense was enemy or foe, not demon. Old English fēond belonged to a Germanic lexicalized one-who-hates formation; Middle English fẹ̄nd preserved enemy, Satan, demon, possession, and monster senses across extensive spelling variation; modern fiend continues the same English line. OED’s revised 2026 entry marks the literal enemy sense obsolete after the medieval record, explains the Devil as the ultimate Enemy, and documents long-versus-short vowel competition before the long vowel became dominant by the eighteenth century. The Middle English Dictionary independently exposes 188 quotations across eight senses without claiming a complete corpus.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak verbcontrarian claim
hatian
An attested Old English verb for hating whose objects include persons, enemies, vices, and deeds. It continues a reconstructed Germanic weak verb commonly represented as *hatōjan-, but published reconstructions vary, its relationship to the noun base is derivational rather than direct word-to-word descent, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic neuter noundossier summary
hatis
A Gothic noun conventionally glossed hate, hatred, anger, or wrath. Project Wulfila reports fifteen corpus tokens in three surface forms: hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Its fourteen biblical tokens translate Greek wrath vocabulary rather than supplying a clean mirror of modern personal dislike: Streitberg maps the family chiefly to orgē, assigns Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and leaves Ephesians 4:31 unresolved because both Greek nouns stand together. The visible Gothic paradigm is also historical evidence: Project Wulfila treats hatis as a neuter a-stem, while Fulk analyzes it as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*kad-
a proposed base used in a wider Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Iranian, and Greek comparison
- DATE
- proposed Proto-Indo-European base
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
-logia
learned noun-forming element continuing Greek -logia
- DATE
- Latin and learned Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
-ίζειν
-ízeindo or practice the action of the base
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
-ιστής
-istḗsagent or person associated with an action
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
-λογία
-logíāformation associated with speaking, discourse, or an account of a subject
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
December
the twelfth month of the Gregorian calendar
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
kêdos
source transliteration of κῆδος, not a separate Ancient Greek lexeme
- DATE
- modern scholarly Latin-script representation of Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Latin / Indo-European
lēx
law, statute, rule, agreement
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Present-Day English / Indo-European
nice
pleasant, agreeable, kind; also precise or discriminating
- DATE
- 19th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Greenlandic / Eskimo-Aleut
qajaq
kayak; traditional narrow hunting and travel craft
- DATE
- Greenlandic record–today
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
ten
the cardinal number one greater than nine
- DATE
- modern spelling; inherited word recorded before the 12th century
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
tipi
a conical portable dwelling of certain Great Plains peoples
- DATE
- 1743–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and Greek κῆδος prove that love and hate share one root?
No. They belong to a disputed wider comparison. Middle Irish cais carries a striking love-and-hatred field, but that does not make German Liebe an ancestor or cognate of Hass.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest counting root *h₂rei- or *erei-dhmo- from *re-?
The references use different levels and notations: Merriam-Webster derives the Greek base through *h₂rei-, while Etymonline prints an expanded *erei-dhmo- formation tied to *re-.
openproposedposition text
Does boy securely descend from a word for ox hide?
No. American Heritage offers a possible chain through a fettered person, fetter, Latin restraint collar, and Greek ox hide; Oxford labels the origin unknown.
openproposedposition text
Is calculus securely a diminutive of calx “limestone”?
Not securely. The traditional analysis is morphologically and semantically irregular; an alternative links Latin calculus and Greek stone words through a possible shared substrate source.
openproposedposition text
Could Latin calculus and Greek káchlēx share a non-Indo-European source?
Yes, as a proposal. Beekes' substrate diagnostics for Greek variants motivate a possible common source, but no form is securely reconstructed.
openproposedposition text
Are the prayer and gathering senses identical histories?
They converge on Latin collēctus / colligere, but the prayer noun may refer specifically to a congregation’s gathering place; the immediate motivation is qualified as “perhaps.”
openboundaryposition text
Can icon be securely reconstructed beyond Greek eikōn?
Not from the reviewed evidence. Merriam-Webster calls the proposed deeper base uncertain and a Lithuanian comparison doubtful; Etymonline likewise stops at uncertain Greek prehistory.
openprobableposition text
Can the nd-ending alone distinguish enemy from one who hates?
No. The noun and productive participle share surface inflection. Case, complementation, agreement, and context resolve some passages, but Project Wulfila leaves 21 candidates lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous.
openprobableposition text
Do the written endings alone settle the participles’ case and gender?
No. Project Wulfila gives masculine or neuter genitive plural for hatandane and masculine nominative or accusative plural for hatandans. The clauses resolve the contextual readings through syntax and Greek alignment, but the surface forms remain formally syncretic.
openprobableposition text
How should Ephesians 2:3 hatize and hatis be parsed?
The witnesses disagree in form and the analytical layers disagree in labeling. Project Wulfila’s current morphology lists A hatize as genitive plural and B hatis as nominative or accusative singular; Braune calls B hatis a consonantal genitive beside A hatizē, while Streitberg’s later teaching glossary calls genitive hatis erroneous.
openprobableposition text
Does Galatians 5:20 prove hatis always meant explosive anger?
No single verse can establish an invariant meaning. Galatians aligns plural hatiza with Greek thumoi, while other biblical contexts use orgē and Ephesians 4:31 does not permit a clean one-to-one choice. The exact semantic center of ordinary Gothic remains underdetermined by translation texts.
openproposedposition text
Does hōti belong to the hate family or the threat-whet-incite family?
The reviewed sources disagree. UT files hōti under k̑ād- with hate reflexes; Köbler reconstructs *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō and the *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 8GRADE Aranked reveal
Etymology calls itself the “true account.”
Greek ἔτυμος “true, real” joined -λογία “account or study”; even that truth-word reaches a reconstructed root.
RANK 14GRADE Aranked reveal
Arithmetic put the “ithm” into algorithm without becoming its ancestor.
Arithmetic carries Greek arithmos “number.” Algorithm carries al-Khwārizmī's name; arithmos influenced its spelling, not its genealogy.
RANK 17GRADE Aranked reveal
-logy never simply meant “the study of.”
The bound form’s recorded range includes expression and discourse as well as doctrine, theory, science, and study. Its trail reaches Greek logos—word, speech, account, reckoning, reason—rather than a prehistoric word meaning “science.”
RANK 30GRADE Aranked reveal
Gothic hatis—the noun related to English hate—survives chiefly as wrath, including the wrath to come and the wrath of God.
Project Wulfila reports fifteen tokens in hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Fourteen are biblical; Streitberg maps the family chiefly to Greek orgē, gives Galatians 5:20 thumos, and flags Ephesians 4:31 because both stand together. Codex Argenteus folio 129r directly preserves hatiza in “the wrath to come.” Even the paradigm resists simplification: synchronic neuter a-stem, historically an i-stem remodeled into it.
RANK 51GRADE Acontrarian claim
Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.
LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.
RANK 71GRADE Aranked reveal
Dialogue never meant “speech limited to two.”
Greek dia- means through, across, or between. Confusing it with the numeral prefix di- produced a durable but false restriction.
RANK 73GRADE Aranked reveal
Algorithm is the altered version; algorism came first.
The word began in al-Khwārizmī's geographic name. Greek arithmos later helped put “th” into algorithm without becoming its ancestor.
RANK 74GRADE Aranked reveal
Lay and law are cousins; the other lays are strangers.
The set-down verb and law meet at *legh-. Lay the poem and lay meaning non-clerical arrived through different French, Latin, and Greek histories.
RANK 76GRADE Aranked reveal
The perfect-looking boat cognate is false.
Greenlandic qajaq and Turkish kayık resemble one another and name similar craft, but their documented prehistories separate into Proto-Eskimo and Old Turkic.
RANK 77GRADE Aranked reveal
Same sound, same object, different ancestry.
Turkish kayık reaches Old Turkic kayguk; kayak reaches Inuit qayaq. Their uncanny agreement is chance resemblance, not evidence of contact or a common root.
RANK 80GRADE Aranked reveal
“True” is not yet “etymology.”
Greek ἔτυμος meant true, real, or actual. A neuter technical noun and then the compound ἐτυμολογία had to turn truth into an inquiry about words.
RANK 98GRADE Aranked reveal
The ad- in adverb is not add.
Latin adverbium joins directional ad- with verbum “word” and translates Greek epirrhema. The modern class can modify far more than verbs.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary23 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδος
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗comparative lexicon17 CLAIM LINKS
TAPU [OC] — Prohibited, under ritual restriction, taboo
Simon J. Greenhill · Ross Clark · Bruce Biggs / 2010
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar12 CLAIM LINKS
A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages — Gothic hatis
R. D. Fulk / 2018
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database10 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: ἐτυμολογία
Classics Department Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological Dictionary of Greek
Robert S. P. Beekes / 2010
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
ἐτήτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionary
H. G. Liddell and R. Scott; Centre for the Greek Language editors / 2007
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗monograph4 CLAIM LINKS
A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages
R. D. Fulk / 2018
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly essay4 CLAIM LINKS
La universalidad del español: encuentros y contactos lingüísticos
Fernando Iwasaki / 2023
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κήδω and κήδομαι
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized scholarly edition3 CLAIM LINKS
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353
Henry Sweet, editor and translator / 1871
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Greek lexical and grammatical tradition
ἐτυμολογία / etymology / Ancient Greek
Logeion: ἐτυμολογίαwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum cites a Lecture by Nehemiah Grew about varieties of taste read before the Royal Society.
lecture / lecture / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOTES in Musick entry describes a fixed group of six select syllables formerly used to distinguish degrees of sound.
select / select / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ancient Greek literary record
λέγω / logic / Archaic Greek
Logeion: λέγωreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Odyssey, care or concern for others
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ancient Greek literary and documentary record
λόγος / logic / Archaic / Classical Greek
Logeion: λόγοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry
μῦς / μυς / c. 430 BCE
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
WikiWoordenboek pronunciation entry
vriend / vriend / current Dutch pronunciation record
WikiWoordenboek — vriend pronunciation and syllabificationwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
LSJ lexical-corpus report for ἔτυμος
ἔτυμος / ἔτυμος / Homeric epic
ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexiconreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Calfa aggregation of historical Armenian dictionary witnesses
ստոյգ / ստոյգ / Classical Armenian lexical tradition
Ստոյգ, ուգաց — Enriched Dictionaries of Armenianreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
LSJ lexical-corpus report for ἐτήτυμος
ἐτήτυμος / ἐτήτυμος / Homeric and Archaic Greek poetic record
ἐτήτυμος — A Greek-English Lexiconreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.