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MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Car”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
carEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Inherited from Middle English carre, borrowed from Anglo-Norman carre, from Old Northern French (compare Old French char), from Latin carrus (“two-wheeled baggage wagon”), from Gaulish *karros, from Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (“vehicle”). Doublet of carrus and horse.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗carEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Acronym of contents of the address part of register number. Note that it was based on original hardware and has no meaning today.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine nounhistorical form
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
Liebe
The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hammock
The suspended-bed sense entered English through Spanish hamaca from Taíno hamaca; it is etymologically separate from the southern U.S. terrain word hammock.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbhistorical form
hassen
The modern German weak verb for feeling hatred toward a person or for strongly disliking a thing or action. Duden traces it through Middle High German haʒʒen and Old High German haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn and adds that the older verb also meant pursue. Grimm’s DWB makes the semantic contrast explicit: it calls hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense and then describes a later, more muted center in hostile disposition rather than hostile deeds. BMZ and Lexer independently document the Middle High German verb and its literary record. The reviewed ancestry follows the reconstructed Germanic weak-verb alternatives into the *hatiz- family, preserves the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- proposal, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse weak verbhistorical form
hata
Old Norse hata is not only a medieval label for an inward feeling. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose structures 101 prose citations under four active senses before its participial and reflexive branches: persecute; despise, reject, or cast aside; mock or humiliate; and hate, despise, or stand hostile toward. That ordering is a lexicographic analysis, not a chronology of semantic change. Fritzner independently begins with pursue or seek to destroy, continues through damage or destruction, and only then gives hate opposed to love. Zoëga likewise preserves poetic damage or destruction beside ordinary hate, while Cleasby and Vigfússon record active, reflexive, reciprocal, participial, and disputed poetic uses. Lexicon Poeticum displays eleven linked rows, including variants, damage, destruction, persecution, loathing, haters, and the gold-spending formula, but warns that its concordance has not been reviewed and that dates need checking. A c1200 scan of Holm perg 15 4°, folio 89v, was directly inspected against ONP's diplomatic transcription and visibly preserves hata in the line Elſcaþu hréinlife oc hata engi maɴ. All other rows remain source-reported. The generated possible runic inscriptions on modern dictionary transcriptions are excluded, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-III weak-verb lemmahistorical form
hatan
A Gothic weak verb conventionally glossed hate, represented by exactly two currently reported corpus tokens: hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. Both are present participles; no surviving token writes the normalized infinitive. Their translation behavior defeats a one-word gloss: Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating, while Luke 6 uses hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hating. Project Wulfila keeps class-III hatan separate from class-I hatjan, Braune calls the forms conjugational fluctuation, Orel publishes a reconstructed class-III alternation, and Sturtevant argues that the hatan shape may instead be a specifically Gothic secondary formation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
hate
An inherited Germanic hostility word whose English noun and verb histories converge imperfectly: Old English preserves both hete and hatian, Middle English may have remodeled the noun from the verb, and the proposed deeper Indo-European family remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Frisian weak verbhistorical form
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak verbcontrarian claim
hatian
An attested Old English verb for hating whose objects include persons, enemies, vices, and deeds. It continues a reconstructed Germanic weak verb commonly represented as *hatōjan-, but published reconstructions vary, its relationship to the noun base is derivational rather than direct word-to-word descent, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic neuter nounhistorical form
hatis
A Gothic noun conventionally glossed hate, hatred, anger, or wrath. Project Wulfila reports fifteen corpus tokens in three surface forms: hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Its fourteen biblical tokens translate Greek wrath vocabulary rather than supplying a clean mirror of modern personal dislike: Streitberg maps the family chiefly to orgē, assigns Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and leaves Ephesians 4:31 unresolved because both Greek nouns stand together. The visible Gothic paradigm is also historical evidence: Project Wulfila treats hatis as a neuter a-stem, while Fulk analyzes it as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-II weak-verb lemmahistorical form
hatizōn
A Gothic weak verb meaning be angry with or at someone, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: present active second-person plural hatizoþ in John 7:23. Project Wulfila and Streitberg align the form with Greek χολᾶτε in the question “are you angry at me?” and analyze the verb with a dative object. The University of Texas derivational grammar builds class-II hatizōn on the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath”; Wright independently lists it as a class-II weak verb. The macronized infinitive is a scholarly citation form, while the manuscript writes only the inflected token without a vowel-length mark. The route continues through the reviewed Germanic noun family and a qualified Indo-European comparison, then stops. One corpus token cannot establish spoken rarity, first use, a complete semantic range, exact pronunciation, or one prehistoric essence.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-I weak-verb lemmahistorical form
hatjan
A Gothic weak verb meaning hate, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: the present participle hatjandam in Matthew 5:44. Project Wulfila lemmatizes that token as class-I hatjan, while the parallel Luke 6:27 command uses class-III hatandans from hatan. Braune treats the two shapes as conjugational fluctuation; Orel and the current corpus keep distinct formations visible. The normalized infinitive, the written participle, and the reconstructed parent are therefore never collapsed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*bher-
to carry or bear
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*lewbʰ-
to love, desire, care for
- DATE
- c. 4500–2500 BCE
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*ḱh₂d-es-
a proposed formation connecting grief, pain, care, mourning, and hatred words
- DATE
- proposed Proto-Indo-European formation
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 19
Latin / Indo-European
ferre
to bear, carry, bring, report, or propose
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospice
a program or facility providing palliative care; historically a lodging or shelter
- DATE
- 1818–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospital
an institution for charitable residence and, later, medical care
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Tupi / Tupian
jawára / jaguara
large carnivore; a broader predator label than the modern English species term
- DATE
- Tupi
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
king
a monarch; by extension a preeminent person, game piece, card, or crowned checker
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
ten
the cardinal number one greater than nine
- DATE
- modern spelling; inherited word recorded before the 12th century
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
trust
assured reliance, confidence, care, or obligation
- DATE
- 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
κᾶδος
kâdosDoric form of κῆδος in the care, grief, mourning, and affinity family
- DATE
- Doric Ancient Greek variant
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
κῆδος
kêdoscare, concern, anxiety, grief, trouble, mourning, funeral rites, object of care, or connection by marriage
- DATE
- Homeric and later Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Does Hass securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. Formal correspondence is published, but the semantic chain through grief, care, pain, pursuit, and hatred is not transparent.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and Greek κῆδος prove that love and hate share one root?
No. They belong to a disputed wider comparison. Middle Irish cais carries a striking love-and-hatred field, but that does not make German Liebe an ancestor or cognate of Hass.
openprobableposition text
Does hassen securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. Formal correspondence is published, but grief, pain, care, mourning, pursuit, and hatred do not form one transparent semantic sequence.
openprobableposition text
Does hatan securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only probably. The Germanic family is stronger than the deeper proposal; grief, care, mourning, hatred, pursuit, and persecution do not form one transparent semantic sequence, and some proposed cognates may not belong together.
openprobableposition text
Does hate securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only probably. The formal correspondence is widely published, but grief, care, mourning, love, and hatred do not form a transparent semantic chain, and some proposed cognates may not belong together.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and cas make the deep Indo-European route secure?
Not by themselves. Koch publishes Proto-Celtic *katsi- and a wider *kad- comparison, but Middle Irish cais itself carries both love and hatred, and Liberman challenges whether several non-Germanic comparisons form one transparent family.
openprobableposition text
Does hatizōn securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only through the noun family’s qualified proposal. The Germanic derivation from hatis is firmer than the deeper comparison, whose grief, care, mourning, love, hatred, and anger fields do not form one transparent sequence.
openprobableposition text
Does hatjan securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only probably. The Germanic family is stronger than the deeper proposal; grief, care, mourning, hatred, pursuit, and persecution do not form one transparent semantic sequence, and some proposed cognates may not belong together.
openprobableposition text
Does hatr securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. Formal correspondence is published, but the semantic chain through grief, care, pain, pursuit, and hatred is not transparent.
openprobableposition text
Does the Germanic hate family securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only probably. Merriam-Webster publishes the proposal but says the semantic relations among grief, mourning, care, and hatred are far from transparent; Liberman questions whether all proposed non-Germanic cognates belong together.
openprobableposition text
Does hatōn securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. Formal correspondence is published, but grief, pain, care, mourning, pursuit, hostile action, and hatred do not form one transparent semantic sequence.
openprobableposition text
Does hazzōn securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. Formal correspondence is published, but grief, pain, care, mourning, pursuit, and hatred do not form one transparent semantic sequence.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 14GRADE Aranked reveal
Arithmetic put the “ithm” into algorithm without becoming its ancestor.
Arithmetic carries Greek arithmos “number.” Algorithm carries al-Khwārizmī's name; arithmos influenced its spelling, not its genealogy.
RANK 22GRADE Aranked reveal
Kind is not kin with a d—and kindness did not begin as niceness.
Kind and kin descend through separate Germanic formations and meet only at the deeper birth root. The adjective first carries natural, native, fitting, and proper senses; benevolence becomes prominent through later semantic development.
RANK 26GRADE Aranked reveal
Old English hated vices and deeds as well as people.
Bosworth–Toller’s Pastoral Care examples make conduct grammatical: rulers hate their subjects’ vices, and the text distinguishes loving what enemies are from hating what they do. The historical verb therefore records directed moral and hostile judgment, not only an inward emotion label.
RANK 28GRADE Acontrarian claim
German hostile agitation still carries a hound’s chase.
The medieval verb drives dogs after quarry. The same directed-force construction is soon applied to people: Middle High German records set people against one another, and Early New High German polemic sets rulers against Christians. Modern political hetzen is therefore not merely “hate” verbalized; it inherits a grammar of making another actor pursue, pressure, or attack.
RANK 36GRADE Aranked reveal
German Feind is English fiend’s undemonic cousin: both fossilize one who hates.
Duden, DWDS/Pfeifer, and Grimm independently carry Feind through Middle and Old High German to a substantivized hating participle. OED places English fiend on the collateral Old English branch. German retained the ordinary enemy or opponent at its semantic center; English turned the cognate toward Devil, demon, and vicious person.
RANK 37GRADE Aranked reveal
Swedish fiende is not built from modern hata.
SO says fiende originally meant hatande. SAOB and Hellquist make the hidden grammar explicit: the enemy noun is a lexicalized present participle of the Germanic fi(j)- verb, literally one who hates. But SAOB’s separate hata article places the modern Swedish hate verb in the hat- family. Swedish therefore carries two different Germanic hate histories side by side: one fossilized inside the everyday noun enemy, the other alive as the everyday verb hata.
RANK 51GRADE Acontrarian claim
Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.
LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.
RANK 55GRADE Aranked reveal
frændi is friend’s cognate—but kinship became its Old Norse center.
The Germanic family did not carry one frozen dictionary definition into every daughter language. OED places Old Icelandic frændi beside English friend; Cleasby–Vigfússon and Fritzner preserve the old participial analysis; ONP then exposes what happened in use. Its 225 citations distinguish friend, foster brother or companion, kinsman or son, parents, and ancestor, with no sharp wall between friend and kin. The unveiling is semantic divergence backed by a shared graph: English centers chosen companion, while the Scandinavian cognate centers family without ceasing to be cognate.
RANK 68GRADE Aranked reveal
The brand and species name began as a broader Indigenous predator word.
Portuguese carried Tupi jawára into English, where a broad large-carnivore label became the name of Panthera onca.
RANK 89GRADE Aranked reveal
The host could also be the guest.
Latin hospes carried reciprocal host-and-guest roles. The opposition feels fixed in modern English, but the historical hospitality relationship could reverse when obligations were returned.
RANK 91GRADE Aranked reveal
A hospital was hospitality before medicine.
The English record begins with lodging and charitable shelter. The medical institution developed inside an older guest-care family rather than naming medicine from the start.
RANK 117GRADE Aranked reveal
A person was a mask and role before the modern individual.
Latin persōna carries mask, role, and character senses; a probable Etruscan phersu connection and proposed Greek route remain visibly uncertain.
048
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
digital scholarly edition10 CLAIM LINKS
Archivum Gothicum: Edition of the Gothic Sources, Volume 1
Carla Falluomini · Pierandrea Gottardi / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatis
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗comparative dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Comparative Siouan Dictionary — dwell, dwelling, house
Robert L. Rankin, Richard T. Carter, A. Wesley Jones, John E. Koontz, David S. Rood, and Iren Hartmann, editors / 2015
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized scholarly edition3 CLAIM LINKS
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353
Henry Sweet, editor and translator / 1871
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article3 CLAIM LINKS
The Boomerang
Frederick D. McCarthy / 1961
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary2 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entries fijan, fian, and fijands
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital corpus2 CLAIM LINKS
English prose works of Richard Rolle: a selection
Carl Horstman, editor · Middle English Compendium Editors / 1896
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatan
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗058
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Odyssey, care or concern for others
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
King Alfred’s Pastoral Care, Devil as Old Enemy
fēond / fēond / early Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Fiend incarnate as a person
fiend / fiend / 1694
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Pastoral Care occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hatian / hatian / Old English Pastoral Care record
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary Hreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Sweet’s edited Pastoral Care distinction
hatian / hatian / Old English Pastoral Care record
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Carolinus, Romans 12:20
fijan / fijan / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Carolinus, Romans 12:20
fijands / fijands / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Aeschylus, Helen as object of care with a marriage-sense play
κῆδος / κῆδος / Classical Athenian tragedy, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.