*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 0511boundaryBeyond secure reconstruction

UNKNOWN

No deeper form is promoted beyond the published reconstruction and representation disagreement.

DATE
before the competing number-root representations
SENSE
arithmetic deep boundary
FAMILY
unclassified
CANONICAL KEY
boundary:88:8
01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

0
*
THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.

No reviewed parent edge extends beyond this canonical node.

02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

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03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

7

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
7
REVIEWED EDGES
7
DEEPEST PATH
7
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
1
arithmetic7 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02proposed inheritanceproposed
Proto-Indo-European*h₂rei-→Ancient Greek · Ancient Greekἀριθμόςnumber, amount, or counting
SOUND
Greek arithmos is analyzed through a counting base represented by Merriam-Webster as PIE *h₂rei-; Etymonline publishes an expanded *erei-dhmo- formation.
MEANING
The inherited counting sense remains, while the precise prehistoric formation is reconstructed.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 475 ↗
Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: *erei-dhmo- from root *re- ↗Arithmo- — Word History · Word History: arithmos from ari-, going back to *h₂rei- ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03derivationestablished
Ancient Greekἀριθμός→Ancient Greek · Ancient Greekἀριθμητική (τέχνη)the counting art; arithmetic
SOUND
Greek arithmētikē is built in the arithmos “number” family.
MEANING
Number or counting supplies the name of the counting art.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline · MacTutor editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 474 ↗
Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: arithmētikē from arithmos “number” ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: arithmetikē from arithmos ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04borrowingestablished
Ancient Greekἀριθμητική (τέχνη)→Latin · Latin antiquity and medieval scholarshiparithmeticaarithmetic; the counting discipline
SOUND
Latin arithmetica borrows and adapts Greek arithmētikē.
MEANING
The Greek counting art enters Latin education and mathematical vocabulary.
Merriam-Webster · MacTutor editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 473 ↗
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A · ARITHMETIC section: Greek arithmetike passed into Latin as arithmetica ↗Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Latin arithmetica from Greek arithmētikē ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE
STEP 05borrowingestablished
Latinarithmetica→Old French · Old French and Anglo-French, 12th century onwardarsmetique / arismatikearithmetic or reckoning
SOUND
French arsmetique / arismatike continues Latin arithmetica through regular learned transmission and medieval respelling.
MEANING
Arithmetic remains the counting discipline.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 472 ↗
Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Anglo-French from Latin arithmetica ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: Old French arsmetique from Latin arithmetica ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 061 EDGE
STEP 06borrowingestablished
Old Frencharsmetique / arismatike→Middle English · Middle English, mid-13th–15th centuryarsmetike / arsmetrikarithmetic or the art of computation
SOUND
Middle English adapts Old French and Anglo-French forms; a folk association with ars metrica contributes the extra r in some spellings.
MEANING
The practical and learned counting discipline remains central.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline · MacTutor editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 471 ↗
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A · ARITHMETIC section: medieval spelling confusions ↗Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Anglo-French arismatike ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: Old French arsmetique and ars metrica folk analysis ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 071 EDGE
STEP 07historical continuationestablished
Middle Englisharsmetike / arsmetrik→Present-Day English · mid-13th century–todayarithmeticthe art, practice, or branch of mathematics concerned with numbers and calculation
SOUND
Middle English arsmetike / arsmetrik is respelled arithmetic under renewed alignment with Latin and Greek.
MEANING
The counting art remains arithmetic while its domain broadens within modern mathematics.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 470 ↗
Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Middle English arsmetrik; First Known Use ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: mid-13th-century arsmetike; spelling corrected in early 16th century ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.

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EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

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08arithmeticUNKNOWN · established