SOUND: Latin arithmetica borrows and adapts Greek arithmētikē.
MEANING: The Greek counting art enters Latin education and mathematical vocabulary.
SCHOLAR: Merriam-Webster · MacTutor editors
CONFIDENCE: established

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: AsupportsARITHMETIC section: Greek arithmetike passed into Latin as arithmetica

Independently documents the learned borrowing.

ORIGINAL ↗

Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known UsesupportsWord History: Latin arithmetica from Greek arithmētikē

Documents the Greek-to-Latin borrowing.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 473 ↗

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES: 4
REVIEWED EDGES: 4
DEEPEST PATH: 4
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED: 1

arithmetic4 connected nodes

HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE

STEP 01borrowingestablished

Ancient Greekἀριθμητική (τέχνη)→Latin · Latin antiquity and medieval scholarshiparithmeticaarithmetic; the counting discipline

SOUND: Latin arithmetica borrows and adapts Greek arithmētikē.
MEANING: The Greek counting art enters Latin education and mathematical vocabulary.

Merriam-Webster · MacTutor editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 473 ↗

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A · ARITHMETIC section: Greek arithmetike passed into Latin as arithmetica ↗Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Latin arithmetica from Greek arithmētikē ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE

STEP 02borrowingestablished

Latinarithmetica→Old French · Old French and Anglo-French, 12th century onwardarsmetique / arismatikearithmetic or reckoning

SOUND: French arsmetique / arismatike continues Latin arithmetica through regular learned transmission and medieval respelling.
MEANING: Arithmetic remains the counting discipline.

Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 472 ↗

Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Anglo-French from Latin arithmetica ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: Old French arsmetique from Latin arithmetica ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE

STEP 03borrowingestablished

Old Frencharsmetique / arismatike→Middle English · Middle English, mid-13th–15th centuryarsmetike / arsmetrikarithmetic or the art of computation

SOUND: Middle English adapts Old French and Anglo-French forms; a folk association with ars metrica contributes the extra r in some spellings.
MEANING: The practical and learned counting discipline remains central.

Merriam-Webster · Etymonline · MacTutor editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 471 ↗

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A · ARITHMETIC section: medieval spelling confusions ↗Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Anglo-French arismatike ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: Old French arsmetique and ars metrica folk analysis ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE

STEP 04historical continuationestablished

Middle Englisharsmetike / arsmetrik→Present-Day English · mid-13th century–todayarithmeticthe art, practice, or branch of mathematics concerned with numbers and calculation

SOUND: Middle English arsmetike / arsmetrik is respelled arithmetic under renewed alignment with Latin and Greek.
MEANING: The counting art remains arithmetic while its domain broadens within modern mathematics.

Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 470 ↗

Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Word History: Middle English arsmetrik; First Known Use ↗Arithmetic — Origin and history · Headword history: mid-13th-century arsmetike; spelling corrected in early 16th century ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

05arithmeticἀριθμητική (τέχνη) · established