NODE / 0509attestedAncient Greek
ἀριθμός
TRANSLITERATION arithmós
number, amount, or counting
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- SENSE
- number count
- FAMILY
- Indo-European / Hellenic
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:10:arithmos:attested:sense:number-count
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
GO DEEPERproposed inheritanceproposed
Proto-Indo-European · Indo-European prehistory · count*h₂rei-
to count
- SOUND
- Greek arithmos is analyzed through a counting base represented by Merriam-Webster as PIE *h₂rei-; Etymonline publishes an expanded *erei-dhmo- formation.
- MEANING
- The inherited counting sense remains, while the precise prehistoric formation is reconstructed.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The references agree on a counting family but use materially different root and formation notation.
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 5
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 5
- DEEPEST PATH
- 5
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Greek arithmētikē is built in the arithmos “number” family.
- MEANING
- Number or counting supplies the name of the counting art.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline · MacTutor editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 474 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin arithmetica borrows and adapts Greek arithmētikē.
- MEANING
- The Greek counting art enters Latin education and mathematical vocabulary.
Merriam-Webster · MacTutor editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 473 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French arsmetique / arismatike continues Latin arithmetica through regular learned transmission and medieval respelling.
- MEANING
- Arithmetic remains the counting discipline.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 472 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English adapts Old French and Anglo-French forms; a folk association with ars metrica contributes the extra r in some spellings.
- MEANING
- The practical and learned counting discipline remains central.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline · MacTutor editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 471 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English arsmetike / arsmetrik is respelled arithmetic under renewed alignment with Latin and Greek.
- MEANING
- The counting art remains arithmetic while its domain broadens within modern mathematics.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 470 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE