Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.
THE CHANGE ATLAS
WORD FAMILIES ↗EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH
FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCEHOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.
A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.
EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.
Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.
515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.
Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.
Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.
011025 MATCHING EDGES
SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS
FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.
all changeSearch form and meaning togethersound historySearch phonological and formal changemeaning historySearch mutation in sense and use
The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.
02PAGE 43 / 43
SEMANTIC HISTORY
1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES
EDGE1218boundary
Proto-Indo-European*peh₁-a proposed base associated with harm, blame, suffering, or hate→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
The trail ends before the attested hate, hostility, detestation, rejection, or not-love senses are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deeper base is already proposed; no earlier node is treated as secure.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1222boundary
Proto-Indo-European*peh₁-a proposed base associated with harm, blame, suffering, or hate→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
The trail ends before the poetic hate verb, reflexive construction, enemy noun, or later fiend senses are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deeper base is already proposed; no earlier node is treated as secure.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1227boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
The graph stops before Old Norse pursuit, contempt, humiliation, damage, or feeling is reverse-engineered into one certain prehistoric origin.
CONFIDENCE NOTESecure comparison ends inside the Germanic family; the displayed PIE route remains qualified.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1232boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
The graph stops before Old Frisian harm, obstruction, rejection, enemy pursuit, or theological hate is reverse-engineered into one certain prehistoric origin.
CONFIDENCE NOTESecure comparison ends inside the Germanic family; the displayed PIE route remains qualified.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1236boundary
Proto-Indo-European*kad-a proposed base used in a wider Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Iranian, and Greek comparison→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *kad- comparison.
The graph stops before the attested love and hate readings are reverse-engineered into a universal prehistoric emotion or action.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe displayed route is a published proposal, not a secure endpoint shared by all reviewed scholarship.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1241boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
The trail ends before the one surviving Gothic anger question is reverse-engineered into a universal origin for anger, hate, grief, care, pursuit, or persecution.
CONFIDENCE NOTESecure comparison ends at Germanic; the displayed PIE route remains qualified and semantically unresolved.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1247boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the already disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
The trail stops before pursuit, persecution, feeling, grief, pain, care, or hatred is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric act.
CONFIDENCE NOTESecure comparison is strongest inside Germanic; the displayed Indo-European lane remains qualified and semantically unresolved.
3CLAIM CITATIONS
3DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
- supportsHate — definition, etymology, and first known use · Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent↗
- supportsThe shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded · Qualified conclusion on pursuit and the deeper comparison↗
- contextProto-Germanic *xatiz, *xatōn-, -ēn- and *xatjan- · Pokorny discussion: Germanic evidence does not establish pursue as the root’s basic meaning↗
EDGE1252boundary
Proto-Indo-European*peh₁-a proposed base associated with harm, blame, suffering, or hate→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
The trail stops before the fossilized noun, the lost Dutch verb, or the modern category enemy is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deepest displayed base is already proposed; no earlier node is treated as secure.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1258boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
The trail stops before hate, pursuit, hater, enemy, grief, care, or pain is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric act or feeling.
CONFIDENCE NOTESecure comparison is strongest inside Germanic; the displayed Indo-European lane remains qualified and semantically unresolved.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1262boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
The trail stops before hate, persecution, hostile speech, confession, grief, care, pain, anger, or battle is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
CONFIDENCE NOTESecure comparison is strongest inside Germanic; the displayed Indo-European lane remains qualified and semantically unresolved.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1266boundary
Proto-Indo-European*kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d-to bore, drill, prick, or stab; in Germanic reflexes, sharpen, whet, or incite→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted earlier ancestor, uniquely recoverable original meaning, or single reconciled route is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- comparison.
The trail stops before boring, pricking, whetting, inciting, threatening, and hostility are compressed into one recoverable prehistoric scene.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe displayed etymon is already reconstructed, and the UT database warns that its reflex pages remain under active construction.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1270boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely accepted older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
The graph stops before care, grief, funeral obligation, marriage kinship, hostile pursuit, and hate are collapsed into a just-so story.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe securely attested Greek record does not establish one uncontested deeper family or original scene.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1278boundary
Proto-Indo-European*prī-a proposed Indo-European root compared with the Germanic friend and free family→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *prī- comparison.
The graph stops before friendship, love, freedom, peace, kinship, or group membership is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric story.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deepest displayed form is already reconstructed; no securely reviewed earlier node clears the evidence boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1284boundary
Proto-Indo-European*prī-a proposed Indo-European root compared with the Germanic friend and free family→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *prī- comparison.
The graph stops before one prehistoric essence is reverse-engineered from love, kinship, freedom, peace, or friendship.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deepest displayed form is reconstructed and proposed; no reviewed earlier node clears the evidence boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1290boundary
Proto-Indo-European*prī-a proposed Indo-European root compared with the Germanic friend and free family→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *prī- comparison.
The route stops before De Vries or Weijnen ritual-kinship proposals, freedom, love, or friendship are declared the unique prehistoric origin.
CONFIDENCE NOTENo reviewed earlier node clears the evidence boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1294boundary
Proto-Indo-European*prī-a proposed Indo-European root compared with the Germanic friend and free family→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *prī- comparison.
The graph stops before friendship, kinship, love, freedom, alliance, or ritual brotherhood is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric story.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deepest displayed form is already reconstructed and proposed; no reviewed earlier node clears the evidence boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE1298boundary
Proto-Indo-European*prī-a proposed Indo-European root compared with the Germanic friend and free family→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *prī- comparison.
The graph stops before the Old English social range is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric institution of love, freedom, friendship, kinship, or alliance.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe deepest displayed form is already reconstructed and proposed; no reviewed earlier node clears the evidence boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
03
READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD
TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.
Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.
Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.
Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.
Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.