Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.
THE CHANGE ATLAS
WORD FAMILIES ↗EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH
FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCEHOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.
A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.
EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.
Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.
515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.
Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.
Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.
011025 MATCHING EDGES
SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS
FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.
all changeSearch form and meaning togethersound historySearch phonological and formal changemeaning historySearch mutation in sense and use
The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.
02PAGE 39 / 43
SEMANTIC HISTORY
1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES
EDGE656boundary
Proto-Indo-European*werh₁-speak→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
The lexical branch ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe pro- component reaches a separate boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE661boundary
Proto-Indo-European*werh₁-speak→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
The lexical branch ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe -atim component reaches a separate boundary.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE664boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ad-to, near, at→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper directional ancestor is promoted.
No older form is promoted beyond *ad-.
The component trail ends at the reviewed comparative base.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe source entry supplies no deeper unique ancestor.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE667boundary
Proto-Indo-European*per-forward, through, before, toward→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper preposition base is promoted.
No older form is promoted beyond *per-.
The component trail ends at the reviewed comparative base.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe wide preposition base is not forced into a single verbal root.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE670boundary
Medieval Latin-ātimdistributive adverb-forming suffix→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper unique suffix ancestor is promoted.
No deeper unique ancestor is promoted for -atim.
The component branch ends at the reviewed Latin formation.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe source compares a Latin suffix pattern but does not supply one deeper lexical root.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE675boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE681boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE687boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE693boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE700boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The lexical trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word; the prefix branch ends separately.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE707boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE713boundary
Proto-Indo-European*deru-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the firmness-and-wood root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *deru- firmness-and-wood root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE716boundary
Old Englishbi-/be-by, near; prefix with several later functions→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper unique prefix ancestor is promoted.
No older unique form is promoted beyond the reviewed Old English prefix history.
The component trail ends at the published horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEA comparison with Old English bī is retained in notes rather than converted into an unsupported deeper parent.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE723boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE730boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE738boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE746boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE754boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE762boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE769boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE777boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE789boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE794boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE800boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg̑-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed straight-and-direct root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe reconstructed root is not an attested first word.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
03
READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD
TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.
Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.
Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.
Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.
Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.