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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Tal”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
TalEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Hebrew טַל (tal, “dew”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
onomastic compound elementhistorical form
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish nounhistorical form
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb and adjectivehistorical form
direct
To guide, aim, command, or proceed without deviation or intermediary; continuing Latin dīrēctus and dīrigere through distinct medieval channels.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse verbdossier summary
fjá
Old Norse fjá was a verb meaning to hate. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose classifies it as poetic and exposes zero prose citations; its glossarium links point to the early form fía and the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *fi(j)ēn-. Cleasby and Vigfússon call the verb obsolete, compare Gothic fijan and Old English feon or fjan, and locate it in Hýmiskviða 22 and Lokasenna 35, with the reflexive fjásk in Skírnismál 33. Fritzner independently gives the same three locations. The normalized verse texts preserve three different grammatical surfaces: goð fjá in Hýmiskviða, mangi fíár in Lokasenna, and Freyr fiásk in Skírnismál. Lexicon Poeticum likewise reports three poetic records, but explicitly warns that its concordance is unreviewed and that dates should be checked. These are source-reported lexical and edited-text records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and three records in the reviewed poetic concordance are not a census of every Old Norse utterance. The finite verb became a tiny poetic fossil while its inherited participial relative fjándi became the ordinary enemy noun and accumulated 222 citations in ONP's prose corpus. Those corpus totals are not directly frequency-comparable, but the contrast makes the grammatical survival visible. The generated possible runic inscription shown by modern dictionary transcriptions is not historical evidence and is excluded. No historical sound recording exists, so the dossier does not fabricate one exact pronunciation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English strong masculine nd-agent noundossier summary
fēond
An Old English enemy, foe, and Devil noun inherited from the Germanic lexicalized present-participial formation *fi(j)and-. OED’s revised 2026 entry treats fēond and fīond as dialectal Old English forms, documents i-mutated fīend and fȳnd inside the inherited nd-stem inflection, and traces the word through a highly variable Middle English record into modern fiend. Bosworth–Toller supplies the Old English paradigm and examples; the Middle English Dictionary independently reports 188 quotations across eight senses. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 180v was directly inspected at Beowulf 2289, where feondes modifies fotlast, the foe’s footprint.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
guest
A person receiving hospitality, inherited through Old English from the Germanic branch of reconstructed *ghos-ti-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-II weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatizōn
A Gothic weak verb meaning be angry with or at someone, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: present active second-person plural hatizoþ in John 7:23. Project Wulfila and Streitberg align the form with Greek χολᾶτε in the question “are you angry at me?” and analyze the verb with a dative object. The University of Texas derivational grammar builds class-II hatizōn on the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath”; Wright independently lists it as a class-II weak verb. The macronized infinitive is a scholarly citation form, while the manuscript writes only the inflected token without a vowel-length mark. The route continues through the reviewed Germanic noun family and a qualified Indo-European comparison, then stops. One corpus token cannot establish spoken rarity, first use, a complete semantic range, exact pronunciation, or one prehistoric essence.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hospice
A program or facility for palliative care, historically a lodging or shelter for travelers, the poor, or the infirm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hospital
A medical institution whose name first referred to guest accommodation and charitable lodging, through Medieval Latin hospitāle.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hospitality
The reception and care of guests, inherited through French from the Latin reciprocal host-and-guest family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
host
A person who receives guests, borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin hospes, a word that could name either side of a reciprocal hospitality relationship.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hostel
A lodging place, especially an inexpensive dormitory-style accommodation, continuing the older hospitality branch shared with hospital and hotel.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*ghos-pot-
guest-master; person embodying a reciprocal hospitality relationship
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 6
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*ghos-ti-
stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 9
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*h₃reg̑-
move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule
- DATE
- oldest published Proto-Indo-European form
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 13
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*kad-
a proposed base used in a wider Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Iranian, and Greek comparison
- DATE
- proposed Proto-Indo-European base
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Italian / early Italian / Indo-European
astro
star; celestial body
- DATE
- Italian
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Italian / early Italian / Indo-European
disastro
calamity; unfavorable star
- DATE
- early modern Italian
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
guest
a person receiving hospitality; a visitor
- DATE
- 13th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospital
an institution for charitable residence and, later, medical care
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
hospital
guest lodging or charitable institution
- DATE
- Anglo-French
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
hospital / ospitale
residence for pilgrims and travelers; charitable lodging for poor or infirm people
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
hospitalite
reception of guests or provision of lodging
- DATE
- Middle English, c. 1100–1500
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospitality
reception of guests; provision of lodging; generous treatment of visitors
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant and cautions against a simple semantic tale.
openprobableposition text
Exactly which Romance language handed the word to English?
French and Italian stages are both central in reference accounts; a single linear donor route can overstate the surviving evidence.
openprobableposition text
How broadly distributed is *ghos-ti-?
The reconstruction is supported by Germanic, Italic, and Slavic evidence but is limited to a western set of Indo-European branches.
openprobableposition text
Did Old Norse shape the Middle English forms?
Old Norse gestr may have reinforced the Middle English initial g, but the English word is fundamentally inherited from Old English and Germanic.
openestablishedposition text
Does Lexicon Poeticum establish exactly ten or eleven poetic tokens?
No definitive total is promoted. The h-word list reports ten, while the headword page exposes eleven linked rows including variants; the project warns that the concordance is unreviewed.
openprobableposition text
Are hatan and fijan perfect synonyms?
They overlap in the Gothic hate field, but the surviving passages do not prove total synonymy. Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating; Luke 6 reverses those constructional roles. Sturtevant treats semantic association as relevant to formal association, not as proof that every sense and construction was identical.
openprobableposition text
How should Ephesians 2:3 hatize and hatis be parsed?
The witnesses disagree in form and the analytical layers disagree in labeling. Project Wulfila’s current morphology lists A hatize as genitive plural and B hatis as nominative or accusative singular; Braune calls B hatis a consonantal genitive beside A hatizē, while Streitberg’s later teaching glossary calls genitive hatis erroneous.
openprobableposition text
How secure is the remote hospes compound?
Hospital’s path to Latin hospitāle and hospes is secure; the further reduction of hospes from *ghos-pot- remains probable rather than certain.
openprobableposition text
Is hospes securely reduced from *ghos-pot-?
The guest-master compound is a strong published analysis, but the amount of phonetic reduction has led scholars to question its exact form.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does one revised eDIL entry imply every line has been uniformly re-edited?
No. eDIL says revisions were targeted and that a revised component does not mean an entire entry received uniform revision.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the “bad star” composition real?
Yes. Italian disastro is analyzed as a negative prefix plus astro “star,” reflecting an astrological frame for misfortune.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 188 Middle English quotations equal the complete history of fiend?
No. They are the Middle English Dictionary’s current quotation set across eight senses, not every historical utterance, lost witness, or surviving token.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 1GRADE Aranked reveal
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 3GRADE Aranked reveal
Robot named forced labor before machinery.
The machine word begins in Czech robota: compulsory labor, corvée, or drudgery.
RANK 42GRADE Aranked reveal
The ordinary Old Norse enemy outlived the finite hate verb behind it.
ONP classifies fjá as poetic and exposes no prose citations. Cleasby, Fritzner, and Lexicon Poeticum converge on three Eddic contexts, while normalized texts preserve active fjá, finite fíár, and reflexive fiásk. Cleasby then points to fjándi as the participial relative that remained across Germanic. ONP gives that separate enemy noun 222 prose citations and a large semantic range. The two corpus totals are not directly frequency-comparable, and neither proves an exact extinction event; together they reveal the asymmetry between a tiny finite-verb record and the prolific lexicalized enemy branch.
RANK 45GRADE Aranked reveal
One Gothic anger verb survives in one question—and not in its dictionary form.
Project Wulfila’s complete current inventory contains one hatizōn token: hatizoþ in John 7:23, “are you angry at me?” Codex Argenteus folio 94v directly preserves the inflection. The manuscript never writes the normalized infinitive or its editorial macron. Grammar then reveals another layer: hatizōn is a class-II verb built from the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath.” One English gloss therefore hides a noun-to-verb formation, one surviving grammatical person, and a sharp boundary between pixels and reconstruction.
RANK 89GRADE Aranked reveal
The host could also be the guest.
Latin hospes carried reciprocal host-and-guest roles. The opposition feels fixed in modern English, but the historical hospitality relationship could reverse when obligations were returned.
RANK 90GRADE Aranked reveal
Guest and hostile share a stranger.
Germanic guest and Latin hostis remain separate branches until reconstructed *ghos-ti-. One branch preserved the visitor; the Latin branch developed the outsider and enemy family.
RANK 91GRADE Acontrarian claim
A hospital was hospitality before medicine.
The English record begins with lodging and charitable shelter. The medical institution developed inside an older guest-care family rather than naming medicine from the start.
RANK 110GRADE Aranked reveal
Irish rí and Latin rēx are cousins, not copies.
Old Irish rí and genitive ríg descend from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s and *rīg-os, while Latin rēx follows the parallel Italic branch.
RANK 137GRADE A-ranked reveal
Middle Irish cais could mean love or hate—and a separate cais meant eye.
eDIL's first numbered cais headword is explicitly explained as both love and hate. Its glossary evidence equates the form with serc and grádh on the love side and miscais or mioscais on the hatred side; cited passages likewise cross the divide. Most strikingly, one Éigse line is tentatively translated "my love ... is met by hatred(?)", placing the same visible form on both sides while preserving the editor's question mark. Then eDIL's second numbered cais headword breaks the spell entirely: it means eye. The unveiling is not that love and hate were secretly identical. It is that written identity, lexicographic grouping, contextual meaning, and historical ancestry are four different claims.
RANK 150GRADE Acontrarian claim
Hotel and hospital are siblings, not parent and child.
French hôtel continues Old French hostel, while hospital follows a related learned route through the same Latin guest-accommodation family. English hotel is not simply a shortening of English hospital.
RANK 160GRADE Acontrarian claim
Hospitality contains both host and guest.
Latin hospes could name either participant in reciprocal hospitality; the modern practice descends from a relationship, not just the host's action.
RANK 163GRADE Aranked reveal
The enemy was once the stranger.
Older Latin hostis named a foreigner or legally recognized outsider. Roman authors themselves explain how usage narrowed toward the armed or public enemy.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
editorial reference29 CLAIM LINKS
Had a Long Day of Travel? Check Into a Hospital
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2017
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary21 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary19 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · Trier Center for Digital Humanities / 2025
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary18 CLAIM LINKS
A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — hete and related entries
John R. Clark Hall / 1916
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary16 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm / 1878
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjá
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition / 1874
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar11 CLAIM LINKS
Grammar of the Gothic Language — glossary entries hatan, hatis, hatizōn, and hatjan
Joseph Wright / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatis
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hata
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0510
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.
collect / collect / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOSOCOMIUM entry uses Hospital for an institution where poor sick people are attended and, if possible, cured.
hospital / hospital / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Icelandic homily, Adam as ancestor
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1200 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 19
hata / hata / poem attributed 1221; concordance date unreviewed
Lexicon Poeticum — hata, verbreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for host in the hospitality sense
host / host / 14th century
Host — Word Historyreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for hospital
hospital / hospital / 14th century
Hospital — Word Historyreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Middle English Dictionary citation to Chaucer’s Parson’s Tale
humilite / humility / circa 1390 reported quotation
Humblen — Middle English Dictionary entry and citationsreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
intelligent / intelligent / circa 1540
Intelligent — Word Historywitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for hospitality
hospitality / hospitality / 14th century
Hospitality — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson’s Tale
humiliacioun / humiliation / late 14th-century Middle English corpus record
Humiliacioun — Chaucer spelling index and Parson’s Tale recordreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.