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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Ford”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
fordEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *per- Proto-Indo-European *-tus Proto-Indo-European *pértus Proto-Germanic *furduz Proto-West Germanic *furdu Old English ford English ford From Middle English fōrd, from Old English ford, from Proto-West Germanic *furdu, from Proto-Germanic *furduz, from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”). Doublet of firth, fjord, and fjard, all via Old Norse; and port, distantly via Latin. Cognate with Low German Föörd, Dutch voord, German Furt, Norwegian and Danish fjord. See also forth and Persian پل (pol, “bridge”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024012
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
lady
A woman of rank or a polite term for a woman; historically from an Old English household compound joining loaf with a kneading element.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
lord
A ruler, master, or titled man; historically the worn-down descendant of an Old English compound joining loaf with guardian.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗021
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
037
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 5
openproposedposition text
Does boy securely descend from a word for ox hide?
No. American Heritage offers a possible chain through a fettered person, fetter, Latin restraint collar, and Greek ox hide; Oxford labels the origin unknown.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was algorithm first used in 1699 or 1926?
Both dates describe different editorial claims. Oxford/MacTutor reports the spelling in 1699 for numeral calculation; Merriam-Webster gives 1926 for the currently defined finite-procedure sense.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is lady simply the female form of lord?
No. The histories share hlāf, loaf, but hlǣfdige has a kneading element where hlāford has guardian.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was lord originally a divine title?
No. The recorded ancestry leads to Old English hlāford, a household compound of loaf and guardian.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does loaf guardian prove that every hlāford literally distributed bread?
No. The morphology is established; a literal social ritual for every speaker and use is not.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 118GRADE Aranked reveal
Lord began as the loaf guardian.
Old English hlāford combines hlāf, loaf, with weard, guardian; title and mastery grew from a household compound.
RANK 123GRADE Aranked reveal
Loaf is the word inside both lord and lady.
Old English hlāf continues as loaf and is also the exact historical bread component shared by hlāford and hlǣfdige.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary91 CLAIM LINKS
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026
Oxford English Dictionary Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary81 CLAIM LINKS
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.
Oxford English Dictionary editors / 2013
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly essay75 CLAIM LINKS
The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded
Anatoly Liberman / 2018
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗monograph13 CLAIM LINKS
The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
J. P. Mallory & D. Q. Adams / 2006
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
Algebra — Word Origin
Oxford University Press Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic — fjá
Geir T. Zoëga / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Oxford English Dictionary: clue, n.
Oxford English Dictionary Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Oxford English Dictionary: sincere, adj.
Oxford English Dictionary Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗journal article5 CLAIM LINKS
A Brief Biological History of Quarantine: Modern use of an ancient tool
Lesley Evans Ogden / 2021
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference4 CLAIM LINKS
Masks
The Oxford Classical Dictionary Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly book4 CLAIM LINKS
The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination
Andrei A. Znamenski / 2007
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
King Alfred’s Pastoral Care, Devil as Old Enemy
fēond / fēond / early Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Metres of Boethius, Nero as a wicked person
fēond / fēond / early Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Orosius translation, Hannibal as no friend of the Romans
frēond / frēond / early Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Beowulf line 101, enemy in hell
fēond / fēond / Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Guthlac A, fallen spirits
fēond / fēond / Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ormulum, bridegroom's friend
frẹ̄nd / friend / circa 1175, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Friend-versus-foe contrast
fiend / fiend / a1225, possibly composed in Old English
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Malevolent creatures or monsters
fiend / fiend / circa 1275, possibly composed before 1200
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Demon-like being
fiend / fiend / circa 1330, possibly composed before 1300
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Enemy in feudal context
fiend / fiend / 1340
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
The Devil’s snare
fiend / fiend / circa 1405, composed circa 1390
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English literary record
clue / clue / late 16th to 17th century
Oxford English Dictionary: clue, n.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
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