GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Alt”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
AltEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Abbreviation of alternate or alternative.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗altEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós Proto-Italic *altos Latin altusbor. English alt From Latin altus (“high”). Doublet of old and alto.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗altEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Abbreviations.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗altEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
Borrowed from German Alt.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
algorism
The older English word for calculation with Hindu-Arabic numerals, transmitted through French and Medieval Latin from the name al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounhistorical form
checkmate
An inescapable chess defeat and, figuratively, complete thwarting; a compound transmitted through French, Arabic, and Persian chess language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German strong masculine noundossier summary
fīant
Old High German fīant—written fîant and fîjant in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch's length-marking convention—was already a strong masculine noun meaning enemy, opponent, or adversary. The dictionary documents personal, public and military, spiritual, and specifically Devil senses across a large variant and inflectional record. Its most revealing evidence is grammatical: in fixed formulas, usually without an article, the old participial character could still shine through. Fîant uuesan could mean to be hostile, hate someone, or wish someone ill; fîant mahhôn meant make hostile, and zi fîante tuon could mean regard as an enemy or hate. The companion fîên article independently preserves the live weak verb to hate in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts. The noun therefore shows a lexical fossil whose older verbal force remained locally legible without ceasing to be a noun. The displayed pronunciation is an editorial normalized approximation, not a recorded historical audio object. All displayed Old High German passages are inspected dictionary or text-edition records, not directly inspected manuscript objects.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak verbdossier summary
fīēn
Old High German fīēn—printed fîên in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch—was a weak verb meaning to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject. The official dictionary says it is attested only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries, then inventories an infinitive fien, present participle fiendi, second-person singular preterite fietos, and accusative plural masculine past participle fieta. Three rule-text records concern hating discipline, one’s own will, or no person; gloss records align the participial forms with Latin exosus or exosos; and an Esther gloss aligns fien with detestari. These are source-reported edition and dictionary records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and the broad manuscript horizon does not identify one exact first token. A separate twelfth-century article printed fien [sic] with the gloss ubere is explicitly left uninterpreted by the dictionary and is not merged into this hate verb. Beside the verb, Old High German had the already lexicalized enemy noun fīant, whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. The graph therefore shows a living daughter verb beside a grammatical fossil without pretending that either attested form is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word itself. No historical sound recording exists and the dossier does not display a fabricated phonetic certainty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbdossier summary
hassen
The modern German weak verb for feeling hatred toward a person or for strongly disliking a thing or action. Duden traces it through Middle High German haʒʒen and Old High German haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn and adds that the older verb also meant pursue. Grimm’s DWB makes the semantic contrast explicit: it calls hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense and then describes a later, more muted center in hostile disposition rather than hostile deeds. BMZ and Lexer independently document the Middle High German verb and its literary record. The reviewed ancestry follows the reconstructed Germanic weak-verb alternatives into the *hatiz- family, preserves the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- proposal, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-III weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatan
A Gothic weak verb conventionally glossed hate, represented by exactly two currently reported corpus tokens: hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. Both are present participles; no surviving token writes the normalized infinitive. Their translation behavior defeats a one-word gloss: Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating, while Luke 6 uses hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hating. Project Wulfila keeps class-III hatan separate from class-I hatjan, Braune calls the forms conjugational fluctuation, Orel publishes a reconstructed class-III alternation, and Sturtevant argues that the hatan shape may instead be a specifically Gothic secondary formation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
kimchi
The English food word is a direct borrowing of Korean 김치, with the familiar kimchee spelling as an English variant.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
muscle
A body tissue or organ whose English name descends through French from Latin musculus, a diminutive of mūs “mouse.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
quarantine
Isolation used to prevent contagion, named through a Romance expression for a period of forty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
rich
Having wealth, abundance, value, or intensity; continuing a medieval convergence of English and French forms from a Germanic power word.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
salary
Fixed compensation, inherited through French from a Latin term associated with salt.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*saltom
salt
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*séh₂l-
salt
- DATE
- c. 4500–2500 BCE
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*treuwithō
faith, loyalty, truth
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
māt
checkmated; alternatively interpreted as “has died”
- DATE
- Arabic chess vocabulary
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
French / Indo-European
quarantaine
a period or group of forty; later health isolation
- DATE
- Middle / early modern French
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
rich
wealthy, abundant, valuable, or intense
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
riche
wealthy, powerful, rich
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
riche
rich, wealthy
- DATE
- Old French
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Present-Day English / Indo-European
salt
sodium chloride; saline substance; later figurative savor and scientific chemical class
- DATE
- Old English continuation–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
salt
salt used for seasoning and preservation
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
sealt
salt, sodium chloride, condiment, or preservative
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
sāl
salt
- DATE
- antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0320
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatiz-.
openproposedposition text
Is calculus securely a diminutive of calx “limestone”?
Not securely. The traditional analysis is morphologically and semantically irregular; an alternative links Latin calculus and Greek stone words through a possible shared substrate source.
openprobableposition text
Is the Proto-Germanic parent exactly *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan?
The comparative verb family is secure, but its notation and subclass are not singular. Orel prints the alternatives; Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatōjan- for the related inherited verb formation.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while the atlas reuses the shared *hatiz- node.
openprobableposition text
Is the Proto-Germanic parent exactly *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan?
The comparative family is secure, but notation is not singular. Orel prints the alternation while Köbler prints Germanic *hatōn.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published root shape behind intelligent?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains probable, while *sleǵ- is a published alternative. Neither reconstructed shape is treated as an attested word.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. Latin legere is traditionally compared with *leǵ-, while *sleǵ- remains a published alternative.
openspeculativeposition text
What was the original salt connection?
Unknown. A salt allowance, purchase money, and euphemistic honorarium have all been proposed without decisive evidence.
openproposedposition text
Is the PIE salt root written *sal- or *séh₂l-?
Both appear in the reviewed references at different representational resolutions. SET-U reuses *séh₂l- as the canonical dossier node and records *sal- as an alternative notation, not a second word.
openproposedposition text
A secure alternative
Not yet. The Latin word is clear, but its formation has attracted competing proposals.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was algorithm the original form and algorism a corruption?
No. Algorism is older. Algorithm is the later altered form, with its th commonly explained through Greek arithmos or arithmetic influence.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do allpaqa, all-paka, and allphaqa imply competing origins?
No. The references use different editorial and official spellings for the Aymara animal word while agreeing on Aymara ancestry.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 8
RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 66GRADE Aranked reveal
The borrowed name is part of the object’s history.
English kimchi directly continues Korean 김치; the graph refuses a deeper arrow until specialist evidence supports one.
RANK 73GRADE Acontrarian claim
Algorithm is the altered version; algorism came first.
The word began in al-Khwārizmī's geographic name. Greek arithmos later helped put “th” into algorithm without becoming its ancestor.
RANK 107GRADE Aranked reveal
Royal reshaped realm.
Realm follows Latin regimen, government, through Old French reiame; American Heritage reports that its medieval form was altered under the influence of Old French reial, royal.
RANK 143GRADE Acontrarian claim
Salary is truly salt's cousin—and the famous story is still false.
Salt and salary meet in the inherited salt family. Real kinship does not prove Roman soldiers received ordinary wages in literal salt.
RANK 154GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth and troth were once one word family in plain sight.
Middle English trouth and Old English trēowþ covered truth, faith, loyalty, and pledged fidelity before the modern words specialized.
RANK 177GRADE Aranked reveal
Quarantine is literally a period of forty.
The public-health sense preserves Italian quaranta: forty.
RANK 184GRADE Acontrarian claim
Roman soldiers were not paid in salt.
The salt relationship is real. The viral payroll story is not.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary75 CLAIM LINKS
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary38 CLAIM LINKS
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjant
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial team
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary35 CLAIM LINKS
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîên
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial team
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch — extracted entry hatia
Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema / 2008
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haz, Old Saxon hetias in the Saxon Confession
Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig · Trier Center for Digital Humanities / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th edition — hatia
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
Altwîb — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen I
Albert L. Lloyd and Otto Springer / 1988
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexicographic method1 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Wörterbuch — Hinweise and sigla
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary18 CLAIM LINKS
Kuning — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V
Rosemarie Lühr / 2014
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
liuben; giliuben; liubi; liubî — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen
Rosemarie Lühr / 2014
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Kunni — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V
Rosemarie Lühr / 2014
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗journal article5 CLAIM LINKS
Doppelformen von ēn- und ōn-Verben im Althochdeutschen
Mirjam Marti Heinzle / 2013
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Saxon Confession genitive occurrence
heti / heti / Saxon Confession, tenth century
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haz, Old Saxon hetias in the Saxon Confessionreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
sealt / salt / before the 12th century
Salt — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German liubî record reported by the EWA article
liubī / Liebe / 10th century
liuben; giliuben; liubi; liubî — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschenreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German historical-form record for liob reported by Duden
liob / lieb / Old High German period
lieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunftwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
EWA hî(w)a¹ lexical record
wīb / wīb / Old High German lexical record
Hî(w)a¹ — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen IVreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German Tatian, weeds parable
fīant / fīant / ninth-century Old High German Tatian; edited text
Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German Tatian, Devil interpretation
fīant / fīant / Old High German Tatian; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German Tatian, Herod and Pilate
fīant / fīant / Old High German Tatian; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ludwigslied, public or military enemies
fīant / fīant / ninth-century Ludwigslied; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Otfrid, the Devil as enemy to man
fīant / fīant / ninth-century Otfrid; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Panther and dragon formula
fīant / fīant / Old High German source record; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Notker psalm commentary, hostile-to-me formula
fīant / fīant / Old High German Notker record; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.