RECURSIVE ANCESTOR EXPLORER
GLOBAL GRAPH ↗NORTH-STAR FEATURE / ROOT OF THE ROOT
WORD → PARENT → PARENT → UNKNOWNGO TO
THE ROOT.
Do not stop at the first ancestor. Follow every cited route—through compounds, reconstructions, and disagreements—until human knowledge actually stops.
START / NODE 1293Old SaxonOld Saxon Heliand, Genesis, and Saxon Confession record
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
“The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk. Köbler's hėti* is a starred normalized citation form over written heti and hetias, and its count of three expands to five witness readings because one Heliand locus survives in three manuscripts.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
EVERY REVIEWED PARENT, NOT ONE EDITORIAL PATH
FOLLOW EVERY BRANCH.
Compound components and competing routes stay separate. Every arrow retains its sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and exact sources.
01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Old Saxonheti
hate, hostility, enmity, or persecution
↑GO DEEPER
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic*hatiz-hate, anger, enmity, spite, or hostility
*
RECONSTRUCTED, NOT DIRECTLY ATTESTED
- SOUND CHANGE
- Old Saxon heti is directly compared with the reconstructed Germanic noun represented here as *hatiz-. The inherited h-t frame and i-stem comparison are published; no unattested West Germanic intermediate or falsely precise sound-change date is inserted.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and hostility field continues in an Old Saxon noun whose located contexts include endured persecution or hostile speech and confessed hostility. No one daughter context is promoted as the original meaning.
- SCHOLAR
- R. D. Fulk · Gerhard Köbler · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Linguistics Research Center editors
- CONFIDENCE
- probable — The inherited family is secure, while Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis and Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem. The exact reconstructed morphology is therefore not singular.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into ninth- and tenth-century Old Saxon textual and manuscript evidence.
5 CITATIONSA Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages — Gothic hatisp. 80, §5.2: Gothic hatis transferred to the a-stems; compare i-stem Old English hete and Old Saxon heti DWDS — Hass, etymology after Wolfgang PfeiferPfeifer etymology: Old Saxon heti and the wider noun as an old es/os-stem Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiandhėti* entry: st. M. (i); Germanic *hati-, *hatiz; complete B field Old Saxon Reflex Index — hatan, hatōn, heti, and hōti under k̑ād-Old Saxon reflex row heti mapped to k̑ād- Indo-European Lexicon — k̑ād- : k̑ədes- : k̑əd-s- and its reflexesOld Saxon heti and wider Germanic reflex table under k̑ād- AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1259 ↗
Directly supplies the inherited i-stem comparison and Gothic remodeling contrast.
ORIGINAL ↗Preserves a competing inherited stem-class description rather than forcing false agreement.
ORIGINAL ↗Classifies the Old Saxon noun and publishes the Germanic comparison beneath its starred normalized headword.
ORIGINAL ↗Independently places the attested branch form in the comparative family.
ORIGINAL ↗Displays the branch noun beside Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, and Gothic reflexes.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.